Clavicle Fractures: Allman and Neer Classification

Citation: Holder J, Kolla S, Lehto S (2017) Clavicle Fractures: Allman and Neer Classification. J Adv Radiol Med Image 2(1): 102 Volume 2 | Issue 1 Journal of Advances in Radiology and Medical Imaging Introduction Clavicle fractures are common injuries in young adults and children, and diagnosis can often be made based on history and physical exam. Treatment decisions vary according to the fracture’s location and multiple classification schemes have been devised to describe fracture patterns. The Allman model is the most widely used, which Dr. Neer subsequently revised to further delineate distal clavicle patterns. This article will illustrate the anatomy of the clavicle, its attachments and clinically relevant injury patterns. It is imperative to accurately classify these injuries as clinical outcomes and management options vary according to their morphology.


Introduction
Clavicle fractures are common injuries in young adults and children, and diagnosis can often be made based on history and physical exam. Treatment decisions vary according to the fracture's location and multiple classification schemes have been devised to describe fracture patterns. The Allman model is the most widely used, which Dr. Neer subsequently revised to further delineate distal clavicle patterns. This article will illustrate the anatomy of the clavicle, its attachments and clinically relevant injury patterns. It is imperative to accurately classify these injuries as clinical outcomes and management options vary according to their morphology. Trauma to the shoulder is common and imaging identifies factors that require emergent interventions. Many injuries disrupt normal anatomy to predispose the patient to functional impairment and delayed complications. Comprehending injury patterns and associated injury mechanisms facilitates accurate diagnosis and expedites therapeutic interventions. Imaging thus plays an essential role in the diagnostic work up and management of these patients.

Discussion
The clavicle is the primary support structure between the scapula and sternum, which articulates with the sternal manubrium medially and with the acromion of the scapula laterally ( Figure 1). The trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid and deltoid muscles also attach to the clavicle (Figure 2 and 3). The clavicle thus provides significant stability and power to the arm and shoulder [2].
2-5% of all adult fractures and 10-15% of all childhood fractures involve the clavicle. There is a bimodal age distribution, with young males less than 30 years old and elderly patients over 70 years old being the most commonly afflicted population groups. Approximately two-thirds of fractures involve the mid-diaphysis in adults, whereas up to 90% of injuries involve the diaphysis in children [1].
Management decisions often depend on fracture location, and multiple classification systems have been designed to describe fracture patterns. The Allman and Neer categorizations will be presented, and demonstrations of the various fracture types will be correlated with imaging demonstrations. An algorithmic approach will then be devised to accurately classify clavicle fractures.

Anatomy
The sternoclavicular joint connects the axial skeleton to the upper limb and is composed of the superior manubrium, the medial end of the clavicle, anterosuperior and posterior thickening of the joint capsule (which form capsular ligaments), interclavicular and costoclavicular (rhomboid) ligaments ( Figure 4) [3]. The costoclavicular ligament originates from the first rib and attaches to the undersurface of the medial clavicle at its costal tuberosity, and this insertion is often mistaken for medial clavicle fractures ( Figure 5) [4].
The coracoclavicular ligament is a vertical stabilizing structure for the acromioclavicular joint and plays an integral part in clavicle fracture classification. It consists of tow parts: the conoid and trapezoid ligaments. The conoid is more medial, originates from      The clavicle, scapula and multiple ligaments comprise the shoulder girdle. The shoulder girdle interacts with the glenohumeral articulation to form the shoulder. The superior suspensory complex (SSSC) is a complex of multiple structures that form an osseous and soft tissue ring from which the upper extremity is suspended [7]. The clavicle and the lateral scapula (including the acromion and coracoid processes), as well as acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, and coracoacromial ligaments comprise the SSSC (Figure 7) [8]. The middle third of the clavicle and scapular body/glenoid neck junction form the superior and inferior struts, respectively, of the SSC and attach this complex to the trunk to provide the shoulder girdle's major stabilizing force [7]. When a single portion of the SSSC is disrupted there is minimal to no functional deficit, and the patient is often treated conservatively. Injuries to two or more structures cause varying degrees of instability, however, and often necessitate surgical treatment. Disruptions can occur as two ligamentous injuries, two fractures or a combination of both. Instability most commonly occurs from fractures of the distal clavicle and acromioclavicular or coracoclavicular ligaments, the scapular neck and lateral body, the coracoid and acromion process, or the [2].

Mechanism of Injury
35-45% of fractures affecting the shoulder girdle involve the clavicle and these injuries are most commonly caused by lateral direct impaction, wherein the compressive force acts along the clavicle shaft. This often occurs when patients fall onto their shoulder with the arm in adduction. Indirect mechanisms of injury include rotational, translational or axial momentum of the body around the shoulder (often occurring during a fall on an outstretched hand), as well as muscular contractions around the shoulder [2].

Imaging
Plain films are often the first and only imaging modality used to characterize clavicle fractures. Apical oblique views with up to 45° cephalic tilt and frontal views are often sufficient to characterize fractures. The degree of combination and displacement, as well as fracture location should be described [2].

Classification
Dr. Allman first described his classification system in 1967, which divides the clavicle into thirds and lists fractures in descending order of incidence [1].
Fractures involving middle third of the clavicle are classified as Group 1. These are the most commonly encountered types, accounting for approximately 80% of injuries (Figure 8 and 9) [2].
Fractures that involve the portion of the clavicle lateral to the CCL correspond to Group II fractures [2]. Dr. Neer further divided these into subtypes that factor in the acromioclavicular joint integrity and CCL attachments [9]. Type 1 fractures occur in between the conoid and trapezoid ligaments of the CCL, and remain attached to the medial and lateral fragments, respectively. There is usually minimal to no displacement (Figure 10 and 11). Type 2 fractures are medial to the CCL attachment, and this medial fragment separates from the CCL. This type is further divided into the subtypes 2A and 2B. The conoid and trapezoid ligaments remain attached to the distal fragment in type 2A (Figure 12 and 13), while the conoid is detached from the proximal fragment and the trapezoid remains attached to the distal fragment in type 2B (Figure 14 and 15). Type 3 involves intra-articular extension (Figure 16 and 17). Type 4 is a periosteal sleeve avulsion from the inferior cortex while attached to the coracoclavicular ligament, wherein the medial fragment is often displaced superiorly (Figure 18 and 19). Type 5 also involves an avulsion of the CCL ( Figure  20 and 21) [10].      Submit your manuscript at http://www.annexpublishers.com/paper-submission.php → Easy online submission process → Rapid peer review process → Open access: articles available free online → Online article availability soon after acceptance for Publication → Better discount on subsequent article submission → More accessibility of the articles to the readers/researchers within the field