Bioequivalence between Generic Rasagiline ( As Tartrate ) and Rasagiline ( As Mesylate )

Rasagiline is a selective irreversible monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor and indicated for the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).

In the European Union, the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) -a scientific framework for classifying a drug substance based on its aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability -can be used to apply for waivers of in vivo bioequivalence studies for immediate release solid oral dosage forms.This is generally called a biowaiver.Sponsors may request for a biowaiver for immediate release solid oral dosage forms of highly soluble and highly permeable drugs (Class I) that exhibit very rapid or similarly rapid in vitro dissolution (85% dissolved in 30 min) or for highly soluble low permeable drugs (Class III) that exhibit very rapid dissolution (>85% dissolved in 15 min).The scientific rationale is that BCS Class I and III products may behave in vivo like an oral solution with the membrane permeability being expected to be the rate-limiting step in drug absorption.Therefore, absorption kinetics from the gastrointestinal tract would be governed by drug biopharmaceutic factors and physiologic factors, rather than by formulation factors, given that excipients have no relevant effects on gastrointestinal transit and permeability of drug [5,8].Rasagiline is a highly soluble low permeable drug and therefore classifies as a BCS class III product.Bioequivalence between the generic product and the product for which clinical safety and efficacy studies were done by the Originator can be assumed when the test product and reference product both show very fast dissolution profiles unless there is a quantitative and/or qualitative difference in excipients that might affect bioavailability [5,8].The originator product, Azilect®, contains mannitol whereas the generic rasagiline tablets do not.Mannitol is one of the excipients, explicitely mentioned in the EMA guideline, known to possibly affect the gastrointestinal motility [5,[9][10][11].The quantities of mannitol affecting gastrointestinal motility are unknown and therefore a bioequivalence study was deemed necessary to register the generic rasagiline tablets.
The bioequivalence study was a randomized, two-treatment, four-period, two-sequence, single-dose, replicate-crossover bioequivalence study comparing rasagiline (as tartrate) 1 mg tablets (test) to rasagiline (as mesylate) 1 mg tablets (Azilect®, reference) in healthy, adult male volunteers under fasting conditions.A total of thirty volunteers were enrolled in the study.All volunteers were aged between 18 to 45 years with a body mass index in a range of 18.5 kg/m 2 to 24.9 kg/m 2 , provided written informed consent and were willing to follow the protocol requirements.The study protocol was approved by the DCGI and Ethical Committee before study start and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, ICH GCP guidelines EMA guidelines, ICMR and CDSCO guidelines.
The dissolution of 12 rasagiline test and reference tablets was tested using USP II in vessels containing 900 ml 0.1N HCL, acetate buffer pH 4.5 and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 37 o C. The amount of dissolved rasagiline was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 minutes.

Materials and Methods
The volunteers were confined within the facility from at least 10.50 hours before dosing until 24.00 hours post-dose in each study period.After an overnight fast of at least 8 hours, all volunteers were dosed with the study drug-a single oral dose of test product or reference product according to the randomization schedule -in sitting position with 200 mL of water at ambient temperature in each study period.
Safety measurements included monitoring of adverse events, physical examination, well-being assessment, vital-signs assessment, 12 lead ECG and clinical laboratory tests.
Assessment of bioequivalence was done by comparing pharmacokinetic parameters of the rasagiline (as tartrate) 1 mg tablets with the reference product Azilect® 1 mg tablets.For the primary endpoints ANOVA was performed on Ln-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters C max and AUC 0-t for rasagiline.The 90% confidence interval was constructed for the ratio of geometric least square means of the test and reference product, obtained from the Ln-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters C max and AUC 0-t .All pharmacokinetics and statistical analysis have been performed by the use of SAS version 9.2.Bioequivalence was concluded if the 90% confidence intervals of the ratio of least square means (test/reference) of C max and AUC 0-t were within the acceptance range of 80.00-125.00%.If it was demonstrated that the intra-subject variability for C max for the reference product was >30%, then widened acceptance criteria for C max could be considered using reference scaled average bioequivalence with a maximum of 69.84 -143.19%.
The assay of the tablets used in the study was 100.0% for Azilect® containing 1 mg rasagiline (as mesylate) and 101.9% for the generic rasagiline tablets containing 1 mg rasagiline (as tartrate).

Assay
The objective of the study was to compare the bioavailability of the generic rasagiline (test) tablets and the Azilect® tablets (reference) in healthy volunteers under fasting conditions and to assess bioequivalence.

Results
Both Azilect® as well as generic rasagiline showed very fast dissolution with >90% dissolved within 15 minutes at 0.1N HCl, pH 4.5 and 6.8 as can be seen in Figure 1.Two subjects dropped out as they did not report to the study center for period II, III and IV, one subject dropped out as the subject did not report to the study center for period II and III and two subjects were withdrawn due to an adverse event after dosing in Period I. Therefore, a total of twenty five subjects completed the clinical phase of the study successfully and received both the test and reference products twice.Twenty six subjects received at least once one test product and once the reference product and were considered for pharmacokinetic analysis.

Bioequivalence study
A total of six adverse events were reported during the clinical phase of the study of which one adverse event was observed in a subject who received test product and two adverse events were observed in two subjects that received reference product.These Journal of Bioequivalence Studies The mean plasma-concentration versus time profiles are presented in Figure 2 *Geometric mean was taken as the antilog (exponential) of the least square mean of the ln-transformed data Table 1: Geometric means and 90% Confidence Interval for generic rasagiline versus Azilect® (N=26) three adverse events were judged by the Principle Investigator to be expected to be related to the study medication.Three adverse events were observed during the post-study evaluation.One subject had a high eosinophil count, one was low in hemoglobin and one had a high white blood cell count.The Principal Investigator judged these three adverse events to be unexpected and unrelated to the study medication.All the adverse events were moderate to mild in severity.No serious adverse events were observed.
The intra-subject variability for C max of the reference product was found to be 34.71% and hence widened acceptance criteria (76.8-130.2%)could be applied for C max .The mean of AUC 0-t /AUC 0-inf ratio was 97.19% for the test formulation and 97.24% for the reference formulation.
The ratio of geometric least square means of the test and reference product with the corresponding 90% confidence intervals of the ln-transformed parameters are summarized in Table 1.The means of t max , K el and t 1/2 for both formulations are provided in Table 2 This study has demonstrated that the generic rasagiline and Azilect® show an equivalent rate and extent of absorption.Therefore, these two rasagaline formulations are bioequivalent after administration.Because the generic rasagiline and Azilect® behave the same in terms of uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion, the generic rasagline can be considered as having the same therapeutic effect and safety profile as Azilect®, given that the posology of administration is followed.

Discussion
The results show that the 90% confidence intervals for the geometric means ratio of the generic rasagiline (as tartrate) 1 mg tablets and the Azilect® 1 mg tablets were within the acceptance range of 80.00 to 125.00% for rasagiline.
Even though the generic rasagiline and Azilect® contain different salt forms, the therapeutic activity of rasagiline resides with the active substance rasagiline and not with the salt form.Therefore, when a rasagiline tablet is taken, the rasagiline will first be dissolved in the fluids of the stomach before the rasagiline is taken up by the human body.After uptake, exactly the same rasagiline molecule is present in the human body for the therapeutic effect, independent of the mesylate or tartarte origin.Both the generic rasagiline as well as Azilect® showed similarity in dissolution with both having very fast dissolution profiles.Additionally, the bioequivalence study showed that the 90% confidence intervals for the geometric means ratio of the generic rasagiline (as tartrate) 1 mg tablets and the Azilect® 1 mg tablets are contained within the acceptance range of 80.00 to 125.00% for rasagiline.Therefore, it can be concluded that both formulations containing different salts have equivalent bioavailability of rasagiline.
Another difference between the generic rasagiline formulation and Azilect® is that Azilect® contains mannitol, whereas the generic rasagiline does not contain mannitol.According to the EMA guideline on bioequivalence, a BCS-based biowaiver is not acceptable for any BCS-class I or III drug when there is any qualitative and/or quantitative difference in any excipients known to affect bioavailability [4].The guideline explicitly mentions mannitol as an example of excipients known to possibly affect bioavailability.Adkins et al. previously demonstrated that doses of mannitol between 0.755 g and 2.264 g can accelerate small-intestinal transit time and thereby could cause impaired absorption [1,3].However, the smallest amount of mannitol tested, 0.755 g, is still relatively high for the pharmaceutical industry.It is unknown if a lower amount of mannitol also accelerates small-intestinal transit time.If mannitol would affect the bioavaibility in the Azilect® formulation in comparison to the test formulation of rasagiline, one would expect a point estimate in the T/R ratio higher than 100%.Although the change in mannitol was obviously not the only change between the formulations, and therefore the effect of mannitol could theoretically have been counteracted, a difference in mannitol of 159 mg did not seem to affect the bioavailability for rasagiline.

Conclusion
We would like to thank the staff of Accutest for the conduct, bioanalysis and PK of the study.

Table 2 :
. Average T max , t 1/2 and K el of generic rasagiline and Azilect® Journal of Bioequivalence Studies