Human Neutrophils in Patients with Positive Serology for Chagas Disease

Rodriguez FM1, Orquera AD1, Maturano MR1, Infante NS1, Carabajal-Miotti C2, Gonzalez-Silva N2 and Novak ITC*1 1Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Argentina 2Institute of Hematology and Hemotherapy, National University of Cordoba, Argentina *Corresponding author: Novak ITC, Enrique Barros corner Gordillo. Ciudad Universitaria, Cordoba (5000), Argentina, Tel: 00 54 351 433 4020, E-mail: inovak@cmefcm.uncor.edu


ISSN: 2394-6512
PMNs recognize microorganisms through various receptors and recognition promotes phagocytosis and then cytotoxic destruction [16].The granules have a very diverse rich content and a set of degradative microbiostatic or microbicidal peptides such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the azurophilic granules [17].In inflammatory conditions, PMNs trap and kill microbes through extracellular traps (NETs) composed of chromatin, histone and granule proteins [18][19][20][21].NETs have been proposed as bridges to join the innate and adaptive immune responses by reducing the threshold of T cell activation [22].It has also described the generation of NETs with sterile inflammatory stimuli from monosodium urate crystals [23].NETs have also been implicated in thrombosis, tissue injury and autoimmunity [24][25][26].The release of NETs can be "lytic NETosis suicidal" when it drifts PMN death or "vital NETosis" in the case of PMNs which are still alive [25,26].It is not found in the literature report formation of NETs in neutrophils with ring shaped nuclei.
Materials and Methods: Quantification of ring cells in smears of heparinized human blood samples with and without positive serology for Chagas; testing with cytochemical reaction for myeloperoxidase (MPO) technique; autologous cell cultures; LPS assay to generating NETs, DNA visualized with DAPI in Immunofluorescence Microscopy; ultrastructural study with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
Results: No significant differences in blood smears in the number of neutrophils with ring nuclei between sexes were found in both groups (H and CH).Significant differences (p <0.0001) between the number of neutrophils with ring nuclei in H and CH were found.Neutrophils with ring nucleous were positive to myeloperoxidase in both groups.Ring cells were observed in 2 hours cultures.In H at 3 h of culture images of apoptosis were observed and at 20 h most of the PMN showed apoptotic characteristics.In CH after 72 hours of autologous culture viable PMN persisted.It could be due to persistence in the culture medium of cytokines and inflammatory mediators released by macrophages and lymphocytes further in samples from patients with positive serology for Chagas disease that prolong the half-life of PMN.We observed NETs in PMN with ring nuclei.We estimate that it could be highly interesting to pursue studies to determine the phenotypic profile of such neutrophils.Journal of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Has been described neutrophils which release chemokines that attract T cells to sites of inflammation and [27][28][29] cytokines that influence the differentiation and proliferation increasing it in some cases and suppressing it in others [30,31].IL17A and IL17F cytokines secreted by Th 17 cells induce rapid and massive infiltration of tissue affected by neutrophils [16].In the case of parasitic infections such as Chagas disease, the role of family cytokines IL 17 is an area of current research [32].
Chagas disease is caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and it is transmitted to humans by a blood-sucking bug Reduviidae family [33].Infection with T. cruzi affects 10 million people in South and Central America and chronic cardiomyopathy is the main consequence of the infection, it developed in 30% of cases and immunological mechanisms are involved largely by the Th1 lymphocyte profile [34].Some authors reported the involvement of 20 million people with Chagas disease in endemic areas of America and in recent years in North America and Europe immigration cases have been reported [32].During the chronic stage of Chagas cardiomyopathy arrhythmias and conduction disturbances occur and can reach congestive heart failure; hypertrophy and aneurysms [35].The neomicrovasculatura has been described as an active factor in the immunopathology of chronic Chagas disease [35].Numerous studies have been published in relation to the pathogenesis of Chagas cardiomyopathy [35][36][37].Bonney and Engman wonder if there are one or several pathogenetic mechanisms such as specific immunity induced by the parasite myocytolysis, primary neuronal damage, heart microvasculature damage, antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, no specific damage caused by eosinophils and neutrophils, among others [37].The inflamatory cell infiltration in chagasic cardiac pathology consists mainly of lymphocytes, but macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils were found too [37].Although the persistence of the parasite in the myocardium and autoimmunity are primarily involved in the pathogeny, there is evidence of factors acting in synergy summatively and in disease development [37].The hypothesis holds that heart damage initially leads to the breakdown of self-tolerance [32].Regarding the neutrophil role in Chagas disease, it was experimentally demonstrated that murine PMNs stimulated in vitro with T. cruzi secreted IL-10 and showed a suppressive phenotype inhibiting T cell proliferation and IFN gamma secretion [32].The increase of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and protein nitration as indicators of inflammation in patients with Chagas disease was described [38].However, Voltarelli et al. have described decreased function of chemotactic activity and decreased oxidative capacity in neutrophils from patients with chronic Chagas [39].The description of neutrophils with ring nuclei in greater numbers in Chagas disease [6] is striking and gives us the following questions: since they have been described in healthy people, what advantages can this leukocyte nuclear morphology bring in these particular circumstances?Regarding the nuclear morphology, an interesting study on the appearance of pathological nuclear forms in response to exposure to ionizing radiation in humans has been described recently [40].On the role of neutrophils in Chagas disease there are relatively few studies, so it is very interesting data on the contribution of these cells.As regards longevity, PMNs in healthy subjects were considered short-lived cells [21].However, at different times of autologous culture in previous studies PMN and plasma cells were observed at 48 hours in samples with positive serology Chagas disease [41].Little information can be found about the involvement of neutrophils in T. cruzi infection.In murine models, it was described that neutrophils increase or reduce parasite burden in T. cruzi-infected macrophages, depending on host strain (strains of suceptible mices and strains of resistant mices).In infection resistense the action of neutrophil elastase, oxide nitric and TNFα by inducing microbicidal activity in infected macrophages are involved.Interaction with neutrophils regulates replication of T. cruzi parasite in macrophages from resistant and susceptible mice [42].
Here this study was conducted to observe the behavior and the morphology characteristics of PMN of autologous culture and on the other hand, its sex distribution in healthy individuals (H) and with Chagas positive serology (CH).

Quantification of neutrophils with ring shaped nuclei (ring cells)
We performed extended or whole blood smears, in all cases, and in samples of autologous cultures.The smears were fixed in ethyl alcohol 96º, 15 minutes staining: hematoxylin / eosin (H/E).The neutrophils with ring nucleus were visualized by optic microscopy and the percentage of ring cells in a given citopreparation was calculated counting 100 neutrophils.The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Statistical analysis
The data was presented as the mean value ± SD, Student t test was applied for data analysis *** p <0.0001.The difference between means was analyzed using Infostat software.
The presence of neutrophils with ring shaped nucleus was positive both in circulating blood smears of H and CH (Figure 1).In all samples from H the presence of ring cells was observed, with a range of 3 to 15%, average: 7.90; SD: 2.77.Among females range of ring cells from 3 to 15% was found, average: 8.87; SD: 3.52 and in males a range of ring cells of 5-13%, mean: 7.54; SD: 2.44.The Student t test for small samples was performed and no significant difference of ring cells between healthy women and men was found.In all samples of CH the presence of neutrophils with ring nucleus was observed, with a range of 10-18%, mean: 14.30; SD: 2.00.Among females, ring cells ranging from 10 to 15% was found, mean: 13.25; SD: 2.21.In males a range of ring cells of 13-18%, mean: 15; SD: 1.67.No significant differences of ring cells between sexes in patients CH were found.Significant differences of ring cells were found in the comparison of healthy people and positive serology for Chagas (*** p <0.0001) (Figure 1).Fresh blood smears were air dried for 5 minutes.Covered extended with the following solution: benzidine (0.07 g) in sodium nitroprusside more saturated aqueous solution (0.25 mL) over 96 o ethanol (24.8 mL).It was allowed to act for 5 minutes.Without overturning the above solution, distilled water (20 vol) was added 0.1%.Then it was mixed blowing through pipette to homogenise both solutions and allowed it to stand for 2 minutes.It was washed with distilled Drying.

Results
Total leukocyte cell cultures from circulating blood, suspended in sterile conical glass flasks, 37 o C in TC199 medium (SIGMA, St. Louis, MO) added with filtered serum from the same donor.A 24-well cell culture plate was prepared by putting a sterile 13 mm round glass cover slip into each well to perform NETs formation assay and then observations in immunofluorescence microscope.Control of cell viability was performed by classical exclusion test with the dye Trypan Blue 0.5%.Samples were taken at different times: 1, 2, 3, 20, 24, 48 and 72 hours of culture.The samples were fixed in ethyl alcohol 96 o for 15 minutes and stained with H/E for observation under the optical microscope.Some samples were processed for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

Autologous cell cultures
Cultured cells in a 24-well cell culture plate were stimulated to NETs formation with LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) [43] 25 ng/ml at 37 o C in a CO 2 incubator.Samples: 30 min.Glass cover slips with attached cells were carefully removed from culture plate.They were washed briefly in PBS (phosphate buffered saline), fixation was performed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes and washed in three changes in PBS.DNA staining with DAPI (4,6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole, Sigma, St Louis, MO).Mounting medium 90% glycerol in PBS.Observation of preparations in immunofluorescence microscope, videomicroscope Axioscop 20, MC80, trinocular, Carl Zeiss.Paired blood samples provided controls.

NETs formation
Cell pellets were prepared with samples with aliquots of crops grown.They were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer for one hour and post fixed in 1% OsO 4 in the same buffer for one hour.Then the materials were dehydrated in increasing graduation acetone and embedded in epoxy resin (Araldite) at 60 o C for 24-48 hours.Later, ultrathin sections 60 were made to 80 nm thick (color silver / gold interference) that were collected on copper grids of 250 bars per inch, contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and studied with electron microscope Zeiss LEO-906E transmission.

Quantification of ring cells
It is noteworthy that the MPO positive granules of neutrophils are conspicuous and abundant in quantity, covering almost all the cytoplasm in brownish black color.The presence of this enzyme in ring cells of H, as well as those of donors CH is highly positive comparable to that observed in polilobulated neutrophils in both groups (Figure 2).

Results seen with myeloperoxidase (MPO) technique in ring cells
In samples at 2 hours of autologous leukocyte cultures the presence of neutrophils with ring shaped nucleus in H and CH was observed (Figure 2).

Ring cells in culture
Cultured cells were stimulated to NETs formation with LPS and were observed in immunofluorescence microscope.In all tests of stimulation with LPS at 30 minutes generated NETs visualized as chromatin distribution in numerous fibrils or blue diffuse staining of DAPI (DNA) (Figure 2).We observed NET formation in ring cells in culture of patient CH without LPS stimulation (Figure 2).Apoptotic neutrophils show condensation of the nucleus, chromatin margination and sometimes apoptotic bodies (Figure 3).

Ultrastructural study of PMN in autologous leukocyte cultures
In H, after 3 hours of culture we observed some neutrophils with apoptotic characteristics, on the other hand, at 20 hours most of the neutrophils were in apoptosis (Figure 3).In CH, at 48 hours of autologous culture, we observed a NETosis image, the nuclear membranes were entirely fragmented while most of the granules were dissolved, allowing direct contact and mixing of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and granular components (Figure 4).After 72 hours of autologous culture, viable neutrophils with polilobulated nucleus persisted (Figure 4).This study was conducted to observe the behavior and the morphology characteristics of PMN of autologous culture and on the other hand, its sex distribution in healthy individuals (H) and with Chagas positive serology (CH).Currently little is found in literature on neutrophils with ring shaped nucleus, as they are poorly described in some diseases and in healthy human few references allude [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].In this study, we focused on finding neutrophils with ring shaped nucleus in peripheral blood of healthy humans and those with positive serology for Chagas; in order not only to observe their presence but to highlight aspects of their morphology and cytochemistry.The possibility of finding them in autologous cultures of total leukocytes from peripheral blood was also proposed.
We work with the Blood Bank of National University of Cordoba, Argentina, so most of the donors are healthy or asymptomatic people who donate their blood in a voluntary way.Only few cases of positive serology of Chagas occurred and they were informed by the Bank of Blood at that moment.We do not have treatment data afterwards.So we worked with a small sample with positive serology for Chagas.Most of these people came from the interior of the province of Córdoba.No significant differences in blood smears in the number of neutrophils with ring shaped nucleus between sexes were found in both groups.Significant differences (p <0.0001) in the number of neutrophils with ring between H and CH were found in agreement with Cabral [6].What is the functional significance of these nuclear forms?As stated, it has been proposed that it could be a normal evolutionary phase of normal neutrophil [7].This shape favors diapedesis in response to secreted chemokines at sites of infection and inflammation [3][4][5].These conditions may explain the highest number found in patients with positive serology for Chagas (Student's t test, p <0.0001).What might be the triggering stimuli for this "selection" of nuclear morphology Chagas disease?These questions deserve further study.Myeloperoxidase was positive in both groups (H and CH).The presence of granulations is a feature that distinguishes neutrophils and granules are of great importance for its function.MPO housed in the azurophilic granules is part of the system of oxygen dependent cytotoxicity of these cells.The presence of this enzyme in ring cells of H, as well as those of donors CH is highly positive comparable to that observed in polilobulated neutrophils in both groups.This high positivity could be related to a high increase in MPO activity, in agreement with another study in serum samples from chagasic patients [38].The finding of MPO reactivity in neutrophil with ring shaped nucleus leads us to the microbicidal function thereof.

Discussion
Here regarding viability, NETosis, or apoptosis at different times of autologous cultures, an ultrastructural study to observe the morphology characteristics of PMN was performed.PMNs in healthy subjects were considered short-lived cells [21].With respect to PMNs with ring shaped nuclei, these cells were observed in healthy patiens in autologous total leukocyte cultures from peripheral blood at 2 h.In this group we observed images of apoptosis from 3 hours of culture, at 20 hours, most of the PMNs with polilobulated nucleus showed apoptotic characteristics, but according to results of previous experiments in this laboratory they live 22 hours.After 72 hours of autologous culture, viable neutrophils with polilobulated nucleus persisted in patients with positive serology for Chagas.What stimuli contribute to increasing the average life of PMNs in Chagas?This significant difference could be due to the persistence in the culture medium (added with filtered serum from the same donor) of cytokines and inflammatory mediators released by macrophages and lymphocytes further in samples from CH patients to prolong the half-life of PMNs.We estimate of interest future studies to determine the phenotypic profile of such neutrophils.
We pose the question of whether the neutrophils with ring shaped nucleus will be able to form NETs as efficiently as polilobulated neutrophils do.It is well known that other leukocytes, besides the neutrophils, are able to generate extracellular traps (ET) [44].In order to guarantee that these traps belong to neutrophils, it would be necessary to have a kind of marker, like neutrophil elastase.Here, taking into account the percentage of cells that emited traps, we can say that they would be neutrophils.In follow up studies marking will be done.We observed ETs formation in ring cells in culture of patient CH without LPS stimulation.We think that ETs generation would be related to presence of physiological inducters like antibodies or antibody-antigen complexes in the culture medium (added with filtered serum from the same donor) of CH group as inducers of ETs.We pose this question for further study: Is this ETosis "vital" or "suicidal"?We think it is very interesting to study the functional phenotype of ring cells, what type of cytokines do they secrete?Do they have an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory profile?Will they be IL-10 producers and will they behave as a suppressor phenotype?This work allows supply of new data on human neutrophils and raises new questions regarding their origin and functional role in health and disease.We can say that there is a lot to discover about these interesting cells in the literature.
The study of the behavior and the morphology characteristics of PMN in healthy patients and with positive serology for Chagas allowed us to conclude: a) increased number of ring cells and high positivity to MPO in CH; b) ETs formation in ring cells in culture of patients CH without LPS stimulation; c) increased longevity of polilobulated PMN in CH.After 72 hours of autologous culture, viable neutrophils with polilobulated nucleus persisted in patients with positive serology for Chagas.What stimuli contribute to increasing the average life in culture of PMN in Chagas?That would be related to the presence of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in the serum of donors.We estimate that future studies to determine the phenotypic profile of such neutrophils will be extremely interesting.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Quantification of ring cells.Neutrophils with ring nucleus were positive both in circulating blood smears of healthy people and people with positive serology for Chagas; (A) Significant differences were found in the comparison of healthy and positive serology for Chagas (*** p <0.0001); (B, C) No significant differences between sexes in both groups were found; (D) Descriptive statistic; The percentage of ring cells in a given citopreparation was calculated counting 100 neutrophils.The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Student t test was applied for data analysis.*** p <0.0001

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Images obtained with optical microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy; (A) Neutrophil with ring nucleus in healthy subject 1000x; (B) Neutrophils with ring nucleus in subject with positive serology for Chagas 1000x; (C) Cytochemical reaction for myeloperoxidase (MPO) in neutrophil with ring nucleus in healthy subject 1000x; (D) Autologous leukocyte culture in healthy subject.Culture time: 1 h 600x; (E) Autologous leukocyte culture in subject with positive serology for Chagas.Culture time: 1 h 600x; (F) Cytochemical reaction for MPO in polilobulated neutrophil in healthy subject 1000x; (G) ETs formation in autologous culture of blood leukocytes, in subject with positive serology for Chagas.LPS stimulation, 30 min.DNA (blue) DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) 1000x; (H) ET formation in ring cell, without LPS stimulation, in autologous culture of blood leukocytes, in subject with positive serology for Chagas.DNA (blue) DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) 1000x; (I) ET formation in autologous culture of blood leukocytes, in healthy subject.LPS stimulation, 30 min.DNA (blue) DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) 1000x

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Representative transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) micrographs of neutrophils of subject with positive serology for Chagas in autologous cell culture; (A) Culture time: 24 h 7750x; (B) Culture time: 24 h 6000x; (C, D) Culture time: 48 h 7750x; (E) Culture time: 72 h 6000x; (F) Culture time: 72 h 7750x; (G) Neutrophil with characteristic morphology of apoptosis.Culture time: 48 h 7750x; (H) NETosis image.The nuclear membranes are entirely fragmented while most of the granules are dissolved, allowing direct contact and mixing of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and granular components.Culture time: 48 h 7750x