Seroepidemiology of Neospora Caninum in Dairy Cattle Farms with a History of Abortion in Isfahan Province , Iran

Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatinae) is a worldwide-distributed pathogen which causes abortions in beef and dairy cattle in many countries around the world, leading to economic losses in the cattle industry [1,2]. N. caninum has a two-host life cycle, including intermediate hosts (mainly cattle and other warm-blooded animals) and definitive hosts (dogs and coyotes) [3,4]. In cattle, transplacental transmission from infected cows to their offspring appears to be the major natural route of infection, and congenitally infected calves remain persistently infected and can pass the infection to their offspring [5]. Dogs and coyotes are the only species recognized as acting as the definitive hosts, in which the sexual phase of development of N. caninum occurs, resulting from the shedding of oocysts in the feces [4,6,7]. However, the exposure to N. caninum, through oocyst-contaminated food or drinking water, is regarded as the most probable cause of infection in some herds [8,9]. Cows infected with N. caninum, both acutely and chronically, have up to 5.7–18.9% higher risk of abortion than non-infected cows [10,11]. Diagnosis of N. caninum infection in these cases has been based largely on the serological testing by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of serum from all or parts of the affected dairy herds. Methods: 611 sera from Holstein dairy cattle were collected from 25 farms with an abortion history. The sera were divided according to age, pregnancy, lactation state, farm type, feed and contact with caniide. The antibodies to N. caninum were detected using a commercially available ELISA kit.


Introduction Abstract
Background: Neospora caninum is a worldwide-distributed pathogen which causes abortions in dairy cattle, leading to economic losses in the cattle industry.The main objectives of the present work was to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies in dairy cattle farms in Isfahan province, central Iran and to investigate the factors associated with the infection.Keywords: Neospora caninum; Sero-epidemiology; Dairy cattle; Isfahan; Iran Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatinae) is a worldwide-distributed pathogen which causes abortions in beef and dairy cattle in many countries around the world, leading to economic losses in the cattle industry [1,2].N. caninum has a two-host life cycle, including intermediate hosts (mainly cattle and other warm-blooded animals) and definitive hosts (dogs and coyotes) [3,4].In cattle, transplacental transmission from infected cows to their offspring appears to be the major natural route of infection, and congenitally infected calves remain persistently infected and can pass the infection to their offspring [5].Dogs and coyotes are the only species recognized as acting as the definitive hosts, in which the sexual phase of development of N. caninum occurs, resulting from the shedding of oocysts in the feces [4,6,7].However, the exposure to N. caninum, through oocyst-contaminated food or drinking water, is regarded as the most probable cause of infection in some herds [8,9].Cows infected with N. caninum, both acutely and chronically, have up to 5.7-18.9%higher risk of abortion than non-infected cows [10,11].Diagnosis of N. caninum infection in these cases has been based largely on the serological testing by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of serum from all or parts of the affected dairy herds.
In Iran, the presence of N. caninum antibodies has been described in cattle but a few serological surveys carried out for the detection of N. caninum infection in different parts of our country [12].The main objectives of the present work was to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies in dairy cattle farms in Isfahan province (in center of Iran), and to investigate the factors associated with the infection.
Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com The study was carried out on Holstein dairy cattle farms around Isfahan (latitude 30°43´-34°27´ N, longitude 49°36´-55°31´ E).Isfahan is located in center of Iran, in the lush plain of the Zayandeh River, at the foothills of the Zagros mountain range.The city situated at 1590 meters above sea level, enjoys a temperate climate and regular seasons and is very hot during the summer with maxima typically around 36 °C (97 °F).However, it has low humidity and moderate temperatures at night.During the winter, days are mild but nights can be very cold.Its annual precipitation is 113 millimetres.
The population targeted was 611 dairy cows (Holstein-Friesian) from 25 industrial and non-industrial farms randomly selected in the North, South, East and West of Isfahan.Farms were selected by stratified random sampling method.Based on the previous studies the prevalence of Neospora antibody was 30% and a 5% tolerable error was assumed when determining the desired sample size of cattle to be sampled.The cattle sample size (322) was determined according to the random sample size formula where 1.96 was the z value for the desired confidence level (95%).By sampling animals dependent on farm herd size, and reducing the clustering effect a final sample size of 611 animals were sampled and examined in this study.

Results
A questionnaire addressing epidemiological aspects of the farms relating to N. caninum including record of abortions and management system was used.The variables of breed, age, serological, lactation, and pregnancy status were recorded for each animal.The questionnaires were filled out in farms by field observations and recorded data in the cattle farms.

Animals
N. caninum antibodies were detected in 196 sera (32.1%) of 611 cows.Frequency of N. caninum in 25 cattle farms in Isfahan is shown in Table 1.The percentage of infection of animals in different farms ranged from 0.0% to 60% which is statistically significant difference (P<0.05).

Sampling
Samples of blood serum from female cattle were examined.Blood samples were taken using disposable needles (venoject) (Ava Co., Tehran, Iran).All samples were immediately transported to the diagnostic laboratory.Serum was removed after centrifugation at 1000 x g for 10 min.All sera were divided equally into two micro tubes and stored at −20 °C until tested.

ELISA test
The antibodies to N. caninum were detected using a commercially available ELISA kit (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, Maine, USA), following the manufacturer's instruction.Briefly each serum sample (diluted 1:100) was added to the Neospora antigen-coated microplates, which incubated at room temperature for 30 min.The reaction was revealed adding the supplied chromogen, and after 30 min, the reaction was stopped.Plates were read at 630 nm.Results are expressed as sample to positive (S/P) ratios, as recommended by the manufacturers.Serum samples with S/P ratio is greater than or equal to 0.5 are classified as positive for N. caninum antibodies.

Variables studied
The estimated seropositivity was presented by the ratio between the number of positive blood tests and the total number of tests performed, with a confidence interval of 95%.Data were described using descriptive statistics and analysis by chi-square test or ANOWA analysis.The statistical program SPSS package Ver 15 was used to perform the statistical analysis.Statistical significant level of difference was considered at p<0.05.

Statistical analysis
As it shown in Table 2, the frequency of N. caninum in different age groups is ranging from 29.3% to 33.0%.There were no statistically significant differences among the age groups (Table 2).Of the 611 cows, 355 were pregnant, and 256 non-pregnant.N. caninum antibodies were detected in 140 (39.4%) of pregnant and 66 (25.78%) of non-pregnant cows.The differences between frequencies of N. caninum in pregnant and non-pregnant were statistically significant (P<0.05)(Table 2).Of the 611 cows, 460 were lactated, and 151 were non-lactated.N. caninum antibodies were detected in 159 (34.6%) of lactated and 37 (24.5%) of non-lactated cows.The differences between frequencies of N. caninum in lactated and non-lactated cows were not statistically significant (Table 2).Of the 611 cows, 489 cows were industrial, and 122 were semi-industrial.N. caninum antibodies were detected in 151 (30.9%) of industrial cows and 45 (36.9%) of semi-industrial cows.There were no statistically significant differences between the frequencies of N. caninum in industrial and semi-industrial cows (Table 2).Of the 611 cows, 489 cows were feed with dried alfalfa+ silage +concentrate, and 122 were feed with fresh alfalfa+ dried alfalfa+ silage +concentrate (Table 2).N. caninum antibodies were detected in 151 (30.9%) of cows that feed with dried alfalfa+ silage +concentrate, and 45 (36.9%) of cows that feed with fresh alfalfa+ silage +concentrate.There were no statistically significant differences among the frequencies of N. caninum in two groups.Of the 611 cows, 493 cows had contact with watch dogs, and 118 had contact with watch dogs and wild caniide (Table 2).N. caninum antibodies were detected in 108 (21.9%) and 88 (74.6%) of cows that had contact with watch dogs and with both watch dogs and wild caniide.There were statistically significant differences between the frequencies of N. caninum in two groups.Studies of N. caninum antibody seroprevalence have been conducted in several parts of the world.In Iran, the presence of N. caninum antibodies has been described in cattle however, the role of dogs in the transmition is not well known but according to Malmasi, et al. (2007) study N. caninum antibodies were seen in 10 (20%) of 50 household dogs and in 23 (46%) of 50 farm dogs in Tehran [12,13].A few serological surveys carried out for the detection of N. caninum infection have shown frequencies from 12.6 % to 32% in cattle, 37% in buffaloes and 3.22% in camel [14][15][16][17].
In this study we found that seroprevalence of N. caninum in pregnant cattle was significantly higher than non-pregnant cattle.Cattle with antibodies to N. caninum are more to abort than seronegative cows.Foetus may die in utero, resorbed, mummified, autolyzed or stillborn or born alive with or without clinical signs [3].Detection of N. caninum antibody in this animal category is an alarm for losses during gestation and developing measures for the control of neosporosis in this animal category is very important.
N. caninum antibodies were detected in 21.90% and 74.57% of cows that had contact with only watch dogs and watch dogs+wild caniide, respectively.The differences between the frequencies of N. caninum in two groups were statistically significant means that wild caniide like foxes and jackals may play critical role in transmission of Neospora infection in dairy cattle farms of the region.Our results is on the contrary with Bartels, et al. study, who showed the presence of dogs on the farms as a significant associated factor, Barling, et al. observed that the presence of a dog among the cattle was a protective factor against N. caninum infection, explaining that the domestic dogs of the farm probably drove off stray and wild dogs that might be more important sources of infection than tame dogs [23,24].
As to the general characteristics of the farms in relation to cattle, among variables analyzed, the feed sources silage and farmproduced concentrate behaved as protective factors against N. caninum infection.Cattle fed in this way would thus present a lower prevalence of infection by N. caninum.This finding, especially in relation to silage, may be related to preparation and storage, which hinder access by dogs; thus, avoiding contamination of the feed by N. caninum oocysts shed by the dogs.However, the study by Bartels, et al. showed that damp silage given during the summer is a risk factor [23].Many mycotoxins suppress immune function by decreasing the proliferation of activated lymphocytes, impairing phagocytic function of macrophages, and suppressing cytokine production, but some induce hypersensitive responses in different dose regimes.The authors give as a probable cause the reactivation of latent N. caninum infection owing to the ingestion of mycotoxins in the silage, leading to intoxication with resulting immunosuppression.[20,21].This fact suggests the existence of sporulated N. caninum oocysts in the environment, which characterizes horizontal transmission, as observed by Dijkstra, et al. [9].However, this feature of transmission has not proved frequent in some regions of the world, such as in California, where the major percentage of cattle is infected by the transplacental route, and most calves are born seropositive [22].

Conclusion
These finding explain, at least in this region of Iran, there is a high percentage of N. caninum seropositive cattle and further investigation is needed for the confirmation of infection.In this study several important factors were investigated about the N. caninum seropositivity.We confirmed that present of watch dogs+wild caniide on farm related to increasing of seropositivity for N. caninum.The difference between N. caninum seropositivity on farms was due to differences in management conditions between Submit your next manuscript to Annex Publishers and benefit from: Submit your manuscript at http://www.annexpublishers.com/paper-submission.php→ Easy online submission process → Rapid peer review process → Open access: articles available free online → Online article availability soon after acceptance for Publication → Better discount on subsequent article submission → More accessibility of the articles to the readers/researchers within the field

Table 1 :
Frequency of N.caninum in 25 cattle herds in Isfahan with a history of abortion

Table 2 :
Frequency of N.caninum in relation to age, pregnancy, lactation state, farm type, feed condition and contact with caniide of dairy cow in Isfahan [3],19]ionBecause various diagnostic techniques and variety of cut-off points have been employed by different investigators comparison of different results is difficult.In the present study, N. caninum antibody sero-prevalence was 32.07%, twice that obtained byMoore,  et al. and Gondim, et al., who observed values of 16.6% and 15.6%, respectively by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)[18,19].After primary N. caninum infection the avidity of specific antibodies increases over time.Usually high avidity IgG responses are observed in cattle naturally infected for more than 6 months[3].Among positive cattle, the frequencies of N. caninum in different age groups were ranging from 29.35% to 33.0% which it was not significant difference.According to study ofDavison, et al. in Britain and Dyer, et al.in the United States the infection was less in those whose ages ranged 12-24 months when compared to those over 24 months