Protective Properties of Probiotics on Commercial Broilers Experimentally Infected With Salmonella Enteritidis

Performance and productivity in the poultry industry lately is predicated on the use of antimicrobials, which has led to various negative impacts; among which include the emergence of a variety of pathogens and bacterial resistance including salmonella sp. This study was designed to investigate periodic evaluation of the protective properties of probiotic on commercial broilers experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis; specifically on bacterial shedding and mortality pattern of birds throughout the rearing period. One hundred and eighty day old commercial broilers were allotted into four treatment groups, G1 (antibiotics, probiotic & S. Enteritidis infected), G2 (antibiotics & S. Enteritidis infected), G3 (probiotic & S. Enteritidis infected) and G4 (antibiotics) each replicated thrice, with 15 birds per replicate. Antibiotic and probiotics were administered day 1-5 and 6-56 days respectively; thereafter, cultured Salmonella Enteritidis was inoculated at the dose rate of 107cfu orally. This study lasted for eight (8) weeks, during which freshly voided faecal samples were collected from the respective replicates for isolation, biochemical test and salmonellae counts; for pre-infection (0), 7, 10, 15, 18 and 21 day post infection (dpi). Data generated were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and significant differences (p<0.05) between mean values determined with student t-test. The numbers of dead birds over a period of 8weeks were calculated and expressed as percentage of allotted birds in each treatment group.


Introduction Abstract
Performance and productivity in the poultry industry lately is predicated on the use of antimicrobials, which has led to various negative impacts; among which include the emergence of a variety of pathogens and bacterial resistance including salmonella sp.This study was designed to investigate periodic evaluation of the protective properties of probiotic on commercial broilers experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis; specifically on bacterial shedding and mortality pattern of birds throughout the rearing period.One hundred and eighty day old commercial broilers were allotted into four treatment groups, G1 (antibiotics, probiotic & S. Enteritidis infected), G2 (antibiotics & S. Enteritidis infected), G3 (probiotic & S. Enteritidis infected) and G4 (antibiotics) each replicated thrice, with 15 birds per replicate.Antibiotic and probiotics were administered day 1-5 and 6-56 days respectively; thereafter, cultured Salmonella Enteritidis was inoculated at the dose rate of 107cfu orally.This study lasted for eight (8) weeks, during which freshly voided faecal samples were collected from the respective replicates for isolation, biochemical test and salmonellae counts; for pre-infection (0), 7, 10, 15, 18 and 21 day post infection (dpi).Data generated were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and significant differences (p<0.05) between mean values determined with student t-test.The numbers of dead birds over a period of 8weeks were calculated and expressed as percentage of allotted birds in each treatment group.Keywords: Broilers; Faecal shedding; Mortality; Probiotic; Salmonella Enteritidis Salmonellosis is an important socioeconomic problem in several counties, especially in third world countries; it is responsible for food-borne disease outbreaks.It is one of the most problematic zoonosis in terms of public health all over the world because of the high endemicity and difficulty in combating it [1][2][3][4][5].Salmonellosis is a disease which affects all warm blooded animals, and caused by several Salmonella sp., field and laboratory reports suggest that poultry meat remains as the main cause of human salmonella food poisoning, with Salmonella Enteritidis mostly implicated; and transmitted vertically and horizontally in poultry with high mortality [2,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].
The results showed that G1 had the best performance with lowest mortality (4%) and least faecal salmonella count irrespective of dpi at p<0.05; G3 is not different from G1 in salmonellae count, but has a total mortality of 13%.The worst result was recorded in G2 (Control) with highest salmonellae count (p<0.05) and mortality (37%).It can therefore be concluded that Probiotic supplementation in broiler ration improves the liveability of broilers through elimination and/or reduction of gut salmonellae.
Due to an avalanche of concerns on food safety, stake holders in the poultry industry, consumers and decision makers arrived at a common front; leading to the possibility of stopping the use of antibiotics as growth stimulants for poultry and the concern about the side-effects of their use as therapeutic agents has led to the introduction of control measures and alternatives to combat salmonellosis; and probiotics considered [14][15][16][17].
Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.comThis study therefore seeks to investigate periodic evaluation of the protective properties of probiotic on commercial broilers experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis; specifically; on bacterial shedding and mortality pattern of birds throughout the rearing period.

Study locations and materials
One hundred and eighty day old Marshal commercial broilers were purchased from Agrited hatcheries, Ibadan and the rearing and experiment took place in a well-constructed compartmentalized open sided poultry cages, with a wire mesh floor, and tray below well suited for this experimentation, in Ibadan, Nigeria.The allotted 15 birds per replicate were housed in the same cage; so there were 3 cages per treatment group and 12 cages in all for the study.This study was conducted between May -July, 2015; and spanned through eight weeks.Birds were randomly selected and distributed into four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) respectively; with each replicated thrice, and fifteen birds were allotted per replicate.Birds were housed inside cages intensively throughout the study period; they were given water, fed broiler starter and finisher rations as at when due ad libitum and exposed to just 12 hours of day lights.The probiotic used is feed-grade lactobacilli (TGI®).Find below the layout of experiment and treatment pattern (Table 1).

Faecal sample collection
Birds were housed inside cages intensively throughout the study period; they were given water, fed broiler starter and finisher rations as at when due ad libitum and exposed to just 12 hours of day lights.The probiotic used is feed-grade lactobacilli (TGI®)

Sample analysis
The antibiotics used is Anicillin® (100g/200 litres of water), administered in the drinking water and the probiotics (500g/tonne of feed); both sourced from AnimalCare Konsult, Ogere, Nigeria.Thereafter, cultured Salmonella Enteritidis with serial dilution of 10 7 cfu, obtained from the Laboratory of Animal Care Services was administered orally through drinking water.
Faecal droppings were collected separately in the trays directly under each unit; sterile spatulas and gloves were used to collect samples of freshly passed poultry droppings in well labelled sterile universal sampling bottles.The droppings were collected at random points, sealed, stored in ice packs and transported to the Nigeria Institute of Science laboratory Technology, Ibadan and the Food and Meat Hygiene laboratory of Department of Veterinary Public health and preventive medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, where they were analysed within one hour from the time of collection.Three samples were taken per replicate, making a total of 36 samples in all for analyses.The isolation of Salmonella from poultry faecal samples was carried out according to the method described by Barrell and Steigh, et al. [32,33].1g was taken from each faecal sample and added to 9ml of Selenite F broth ((LAB M, Bury, UK.Product code Lab 44A); and incubated overnight before serial dilution and subculture plating on MacConkey agar.

Antibiotic (day 1-5) Group
The plates were incubated at 37 o C for 24 hrs.Growth patterns of Salmonella-typical colonies were identified on the plates morphologically and through the colouration (greyish to colourless).These were further subjected to biochemical tests (such as triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) [LAB M, Bury, UK.] slants, urea agar (Oxoid m53), lysine broth and were incubated at 37 o C for 24 h.The suspected Salmonella colonies were hydrogen sulphide positive on TSIA and urease negative); also motility tests was carried out and they are positive.Growths on the media were subsequently counted, colony forming units (CFU) were calculated considering appropriate dilution factors; the mean CFU/ml were determined from the average of the sum of the replicates per group and were transformed into log cfu/ml.Samples were collected on day 0 (pre-infection), and days 7, 10, 15, 18 and 21 post infection (dpi); and analyses carried out as described above.

Statistical analysis
The number of colonies grown on MacConkey agar recorded as mean cfu/ml and log cfu/ml.They were subsequently subjected to analysis were using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (S.P.S.S) version 11.Descriptive Statistics was employed in analysing the data and student t-test were conducted for the generated data to determine significant differences between means of faecal Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Following the allotment of one hundred and eighty (180) day old Marshal broilers into four treatment groups and replicated thrice; treatment groups were placed on different treatment patterns (Table 1).Collected faecal samples from respective treatment groups were subjected to laboratory procedures for morphological and biochemical identification; motility test and numerical counting following growth on MacConkey culture media, this was done 0, 7, 10, 15, 18 and 21 dpi (Figure 1).Data collected thereof were recorded as mean cfu/ml and log cfu/ml, and subsequently subjected to descriptive statistical analysis; student t-test was conducted for the generated data to determine significant differences at 95% confidence limit.Results are as listed below viz; The Salmonellae count in faecal materials of broilers in the different treatment groups pre-infection with Salmonella enteritidis show that there were no significant differences among and across the treatment groups at p>0.05 (Table 2).Table 3 shows the Salmonellae count in faecal materials of broilers in the different treatment groups 7 days post-infection with Salmonella enteritidis; there were no significant differences among and across the treatment groups also at p>0.05.However at 10 days post infection of the broilers, Table 4 shows that Salmonellae count in faecal materials of broilers in the different treatment groups have significant differences (p<0.05),especially with treatment group 1 (G1) different from G2, G3 and G4, with G1 having a Log cfu of 7.78 ± 0.36, while the other treatments are not different from one another.salmonellae counts of treatment groups, A p-value of p<0.05 was considered significant..The numbers of dead birds over a period of 8weeks were calculated and expressed as percentage of allotted birds in each treatment group.

dpi-day post-infection
The mortality pattern of birds in the different treatment groups fed diet containing probiotic/antibiotic and experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis is as shown in Figure 2. G2, having broilers without probiotic included in the feed before infection with S. Enteritidis has the highest mortality (35.6%), and the least recorded in G1 (4.4%) over a rearing period of 8 weeks (Appendix 1).Table 7 shows the Salmonellae count in faecal materials of broilers in the different treatment groups 21 days post-infection with Salmonella Enteritidis; there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between G1 and G2; and also between G1 and G4.There were no differences among the Salmonella count s from faecal materials analysed from broilers in other treatment groups.

Discussion
More often than not in livestock industry generally, salmonella bacteria are strongly adapted to poultry, and often go without provoked health problems in subclinical infections and remain as intermittent or persistent healthy carriers of the organisms; they may infect or contaminate flocks without causing disease symptoms.However these Salmonella's may contaminate poultry products provoking food poisoning in human beings [34,35].The prevalence of Salmonella in poultry populations is considered as the main risk factor for presence of Salmonella organisms in poultry meat, poultry products, faecal materials and the environment [8,36,37].The horizontal transmission of salmonella organisms in poultry is as a result of consumption of contaminated feed and water, arising from their faeces because it has been established that poultry manures, faeces and feeds contain significant amounts of nitrogen because of the presence of high levels of protein and amino acids [13,37,38] Faecal shedding of salmonella organism is therefore a way of perpetuating and spreading salmonella organisms in nature.
The design of this study was done in such a way as to show the effects of probiotics on the bacterial count (Salmonella); as established infection in the birds will produce a pattern of intermittent shedding of the bacteria which will be significantly different from the groups where clinical or subclinical infections were not established.The results obtained from this study, however indicated that following the experimental infection with live and viable Salmonella Enteritidis, infection was established as shown by the varied results across the treatment groups.The significant differences among the groups when compared also showed a pattern indicative of the effects of probiotic on the level of faecal shedding of the organism.The total mean count of S. Enteritidis obtained from this study showed a pattern where the faecal shedding were higher in G2 chickens than the other Groups fed diet containing probiotics, which is also in agreement with the research findings of Kabir and Zhao & Xiuping [16,37].The G4 birds, which is the control group (had antibiotics to clear the gut microbiota against pathogens acquired from the hatcheries; also fed the same broiler starter feed but without probiotic, and given water from the same source) showed a lower significant difference p<0.05 level in the Salmonella excretion when compared to G2 over the period of the experiment.
It is quite remarkable to note that the Group 1 birds (given antibiotics the first five days of life, fed with diet containing probiotics and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis) showed a marked significant difference at p<0.05 level when compared to the Group 2 birds (Birds given antibiotics the first five days of life and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis but not fed with probiotics).This is indicative of the fact that the probiotics added to the feed probably had a negative influence on the Salmonella Enteritidis organisms; as that was the only variant factor in the treatment of the groups.This is in line with the findings of Yaman, et al.Mountzouris, et al. and Higgins, et al. and could have been responsible for the low levels of faecal excretion of the organisms observed in the G1 birds; this also supports claims by the producers that probiotics usage in feed has an effect in reducing salmonella shedding in infected birds [23,27,39,40].
The result obtained from Group 2 over a period of time showed an undulation in the shedding of the Salmonella Enteritidis indicative of intermittent shedding of the organism [41].No significant difference was observed between the G3 birds (birds not given antibiotics, but fed diet containing probiotics and eventually inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis) and G1 birds, this shows that the administration of antibiotics the first five days of life may not be necessary if probiotics are given early in life.A marked significant difference was however observed between the Group 3 and Group 2 birds indicating the possibility of the effects of probiotic in altering the microbiota and hence of Salmonella in the faecal droppings, while the reverse is the case for G2, possibly because of the development of resistance of the organisms to antibiotics used early in life [42].
Furthermore, following the establishment of the infection, overall mortality recorded was highest for the G2 , followed by G4 and G3, while G1, are group of broilers fed diet containing probiotic and antibiotics in water first 5 days of life recorded the least mortality throughout the rearing period, this is in line with the findings of Porter that low-grade damage to the intestinal tract by pathogenic bacteria can affect the rate of body weight gain in poultry flocks, but more severe enteric damages by salmonella infections will result in clinical disease and high mortality.This mortality trend could also be as a result of S. Enteritidis tendency to evade or regulate recognition by the host innate immune system [43,44].
There is a significant difference in % mortality recorded across the treatment groups, 35.6% was recorded for G2 (control), while G1 had 4% and G4 without antibiotic also recorded 24.4% mortality which is in consonance with the findings of [30,[45][46][47].There is

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Periodic mortality pattern of broilers fed antibiotic/probiotic diet and experimentally infected with S. enteritidis

Appendix 1 :
Mortality pattern of broilers fed diet containing probiotic/antibiotic and infected with S. enteritidis

Table 1 :
Layout of experiment and treatment pattern