Research of Serum Homocysteine Levels in Healthy Cows

In this study, serum homocysteine levels aimed to determine in healthy cows (Simmental, Holstein, and Montafon). 60 culture cows (20 Simmental cows, 20 Holstein cows, and 20 montafon cows) constitute this study's materials. According to the systemic examinations, the animals used in this study were determined to be healthy. Blood samples were taken from animals according to the jugular vein technique. Homocysteine levels obtained from serum samples were measured by using the commercial test kit in accordance with the procedure of the kit. The value of serum homocysteine levels in three breeds were found close to each other. Serum homocysteine levels were determined and they are 17.44 ± 1.22 μmol/L in Simmental breed, 17.04 ± 1.13 μmol / L in Holstein breed, and 16.35 ± 1.24 μmol/L in Montafon breed. The CK, CK-MB, AST and LDH values of all three breeds were determined within the normal physiological limits.


Introduction Abstract
In this study, serum homocysteine levels aimed to determine in healthy cows (Simmental, Holstein, and Montafon).60 culture cows (20 Simmental cows,20 Holstein cows, and 20 montafon cows) constitute this study's materials.According to the systemic examinations, the animals used in this study were determined to be healthy.Blood samples were taken from animals according to the jugular vein technique.Homocysteine levels obtained from serum samples were measured by using the commercial test kit in accordance with the procedure of the kit.The value of serum homocysteine levels in three breeds were found close to each other.Serum homocysteine levels were determined and they are 17.44 ± 1.22 µmol/L in Simmental breed, 17.04 ± 1.13 µmol / L in Holstein breed, and 16.35 ± 1.24 µmol/L in Montafon breed.The CK, CK-MB, AST and LDH values of all three breeds were determined within the normal physiological limits.Keywords: Cow; Homocysteine; Reference Value Homocysteine (Hc), formed as a result of methionine metabolism (demethylation of methionine), is an amino acid containing sulfhydryl which isn't found in the proteins [1][2][3][4][5].Methionine is an essential amino acid which is produced from dietary proteins [2].Homocysteine in the plasma has four forms: 1-2% is free, 70-80% bound to plasma proteins via disulfide link (especially albumin-bound), 20-30% depends on itself to form dimers, and the rest is found either as homocysteine dimer or a cysteinehomocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfide [2,6].
Increases of the homocysteine level show less intake of foods containing vitamin B 12 [7,8], impairment of renal function [2,8] or it shows that it may be due to a low level of enzyme activity in the metabolism of homocysteine [2,9] .In recent years, according to the data about hyperhomocystein, it is emphasized that the risk of atherosclerosis may decrease just by taking a simple vitamin [5,8].Deficiency of folic acid, vitamin B 12 or vitamin B 6 is associated with high level of Hc.It is reported that these vitamins are necessary for the metabolism of Hc [7].It is metabolized through the pathways of remethylation in which vitamin B 12 becomes cofactor in the body and through the pathways of transsulfuration in which vitamin B 6 becomes cofactor [10].In human medicine it is reported that the levels of high homocysteine and low concentrations of B vitamins in the plasma are the risk factors for coronary, cerebral atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular diseases [11].
Cobalt is required for rumen microorganisms to synthesis vitamin B 12 .In addition, it is reported that as a result of the insufficient function of methionine synthesis due to Vitamin B 12 , homocysteine level was increased [12,13].A high level of homocysteine in the body causes proliferation of the vascular endothelium, platelets, and collagen and decreases the vitality of the nitric oxide [14].
As a result, the serum homocysteine values for healthy breeds of cows which can constitute a reference value were concluded in this study.
In this study, homocysteine levels of healthy culture breed cows were determined according to their age and sex groups.It is aimed to use these obtained normal values of homocysteine as an additional parameter to the parameters currently used for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the cardiovascular diseases of the cows.

Materials and Methods
The material in this study consisted of 60 healthy culture breed cows which obtained from Van and its vicinity.All animals were found healthy on clinical examination by checking body temperature, respiratory and heart beat frequency and general clinical appearance.All animals were divided into three groups based on their breeds (Simmental, Holstein, and Montafon)

Statistical Analysis
It was determined that all of the culture breed cows (Simmental, Holstein, Montafon) used in this study were healthy according to the clinical examinations considering evaluation criteria of the systemic examination (body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, rumen motility).Classification by age and breed was given in the Table 1.
Statistical evaluation of the obtained data was performed with one-way test using SPSS 9.0 statistical software program.

Clinical Findings
According to the evaluation based on three breeds, clinical findings were found close to each other in the study (P > 0.05) and no statistical difference was detected (Table 1).

Results
and each group included 20 cows.Cows were not applied any antibiotic Blood samples were taken from all cows according to jugular vein technique and they were taken into tubes with anticoagulant for the hematological parameters and sera tubes for biochemical analysis.After allowing to the tubes clotting by staying at room temperature, sera tubes were centrifuged (3000 rpm, 10 minutes).Obtained serum samples were kept in the serum storage tubes in the refrigerator in -20 o C until the analysis day.In the same day, analysis of hematological parameters was completed.Serum Hc levels were determined by ELISA using commercial kit (Homocysteine AXIS, Catalog no: 802865065) as described in the procedure.Measurement of serum vitamin B 12 was performed with autoanalyser (Elecyc 2010 Roche Hitachi-Japan) device.Measurement of serum cobalt was performed with the device ICP-M found in the Department of Scientific Practice Center in the Yuzuncu Yil University.Within the obtained serum, level of creatine kinase (CK), lactac dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and cardiac origin creatine kinase (CK-MB) were spectrophotometrically measured with the commercial test kit (Randox ®-UK) according to the specified procedures (5010 Photometer Boehringer Mannheim).On the day of the study, hematocrit value (Hct), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count (PLT) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values of blood samples in anticoagulant (EDTA) tubes were measured by blood counting device (QBC vetautoreader®-IDEXX).On the assessment based on breeds, it was seen that there wasn't any differences among the three breeds in the serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH, CK and CK-MB (P > 0.05) (Table 2).

Biochemical Findings
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, PLT, and MCHC parameters of culture breed cows used in the study were given in Table 3.

Hematological Findings
Hematological parameters in healthy culture breed cows were found close to each other.Hematological parameters of Holstein cows Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Classification of the levels of serum homocysteine, serum vitamin B 12 and serum cobalt of all of the animal breeds included in the study are showed breed by breed and also their average values are showed in Table 4.
Homocysteine is assessed among the factors that plays role in cardiovascular diseases, and is reported as an important parameter in the diagnosis of them [15].In human medicine, though many studies have been done on the effects of homocysteine about the cardiovascular system [5,11,14].There have not been many research reference values for cattle on this subject in the field of veterinary medicine.
This study was carried out to obtain normal physiological values of serum homocysteine levels in the culture breed cows and to demonstrate the usage of these detected homocysteine levels in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
were numerically found slightly higher than hematologic parameters of Simmental and Montafon cows.Comparative statistical analysis performed among breeds was not significant (P > 0.05).

Discussion
To determine whether three breed cows used in this study were healthy or not, as a basic principle all animals were systematically examined.In this systemic examination, the body temperature of Simmental breed were 37.67 ± 0.14 and Holstein breed is 37.89 ± 0.14 o C and Montafon breed was 37.79 ± 0.17 o C. Heart rates were respectively: 66.95 ± 2.06 beats/min.for Simmental breed, 70.70 ± 1.36 beats/min.for Holstein breed and 68.40 ± 1.86 beats/min for Montafon breed.Respiratory rates were: 17.55 ± 1.23 breaths/ min.for Simmental breed, 19.15 ± 1.12 breaths/min.for Holstein breed and 19.45 ± 1.09 breaths/min.for Montafon breed.Rumen motilities were: 9.55 ± 0.49 times/5 min.for Simmental breed, 10 ± 0.45 times/5 min.for Holstein breed and 9.80 ± 0.45 times/ five minutes for Montafon breed.Values of these clinical findings show that the reference values for healthy cattle were found to be in compliance [16,17].Considering these findings on the basis of breed, no difference was observed in these three breeds of cows and the difference was not significant in the comparative statistical analysis of data of each of the three breeds (P > 0.05) (Table 1).
In the study of human medicine, a raised level of homocysteine has been estimated to be a greater risk factor (20 -40 -fold) than an increased level of cholesterol (1-3-fold), high blood pressure (8 -18-fold) or cigarette smoking (3.5 -fold) [15].Hyperhomocystein should be considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in humans [4,18].
According to the studies in the field of veterinary medicine about acute selenium deficiency in lambs, it was indicated that homocysteine levels in the lambs with acute cardiac form was higher than the lambs with muscular dystrophy form [1]. Kozat et al. (2011) reported that homocysteine levels of lambs with subclinical white muscle disease were significantly higher than the homocysteine levels of healthy lambs (P < 0.001) [19].
In their research on the homocysteine levels in cats with cardiomyopathy and thromboembolism, McMichael et al. (2011) [11] were able to identify that homocysteine levels in cats are respectively; 6.7 ± 4.1 mmol/L for healthy cats, 10.1 ± 6.10 mmol/L for cats with cardiomyopathy and 8.0 ± 4.1 mmol/L for cats with thromboembolism.According to the obtained data, homocystein level of healthy cats is statistically higher than cats with cardiomyopathy (P < 0.05).
According to the literature searches about homocystein levels, there wasn't any data about plasma or serum homocysteine levels of cattle.In this study, the level of serum homocysteine of cows are respectively: 17.44 ± 1.22 mmol/L for Simmental breed, 17.04 ± 1.13 mmol/L for Holstein breed, and 16.35 ± 1.24 mmol/L for Montafon.In the statistical evaluation of serum homocysteine levels of cattle, statistically no difference was detected between the three cultures breed (P > 0.05) (Table 4).Levels of serum CK-MB, LDH, and AST which are often utilized especially in the diagnosis of heart diseases in human and veterinary medicine are only used to diagnose acute coronary events [20].In this study, level of serum CK for Simmental cattle was 243.30 ± 17.59 IU/L, for Holstein cattle was 237.80 ± 18.19 IU/L and Montafon breed was 273.25 ± 02.29 IU/L.Levels of serum CK-MB were 287.42 ± 27.04 IU/L for Simmental breed, 311.33 ± 31.81IU/L for Holstein breed and 301.10 ± 27.00 IU/L for Montafon breed (Table 2).In the assessments performed about breeds, statistically a significant variety wasn't detected about levels of serum CK and CK-MB on the three breeds (P > 0.05).There is a fact that these values were slightly higher than the values of researchers and it may be interpreted as a result of analysis method of CK enzyme.
Serum transaminase enzyme activities in animals vary according to age, sex, hunger, nutrition, stress and environmental factors [21].Batmaz (1990) reported that there were no racial differences in enzyme activities of serum AST, ALT and LDH on 24-48 months Holstein and Montafon breed cattle [22].In another study, it is reported that serum AST, ALT and LDH activities of 12-18 month old Holstein breed are respectively, 68.8 ± 4.3, 27.9 ± 1.6 and 1010 ± 60 U/L [23].
In this study, activities of serum AST, ALT and LDH of cattle were respectively found for Simmental breed 93.40 ± 5.11 IU/L, 31 2).Values of serum activities of AST, ALT, and LDH of three breeds were found close to each other.It is similar to the values reported by researchers [21,23].
To learn about diseases of the circulatory system, as well as clinical examination, blood examinations are very important [24].In the absence of cobalt in the rations, vitamin B 12 cannot be synthesized and this situation causes the deficiency of this vitamin in ruminants [25].If the deficiency progresses, it causes such changes in the chart of red blood cells as hypoplastic, normocytic, normochromic anemia [24].In the light of this idea, many scientific studies were done related to vitamin B 12 , and we think that it will be useful to evaluate the studies with hematological parameters.
In this study, the values of hematologic parameters in healthy culture breed cows were mainly found close to each other.The comparative statistical analysis performed between breeds was not significant (P > 0.05).It was determined that WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCHC, and PLT values of breeds were similar to the data reported by the researchers [16,[26][27][28].
Vitamin B 12 participates in various metabolic reactions in organism and it is primarily necessary for the phase of formaldehyde oxidation of monocarbon compounds and it is effective in the metabolism of nuclein.In humans, it is reported that deficiency of cobalamin in patients is associated with disorder of homocysteine and also these people have hyperhomocysteinemia [29,30].It is reported that, the homocysteine levels of cats with aortic thromboembolism were higher than the healthy cats [12].In their studies on vitamin B 12 levels in healthy adult cattle, İssi et al. (2010) found values as 155.13 ± 19.74 pg/ml [17].It is reported that McMichael et al. (2011) [11] have found the level of vitamin B 12 in healthy cats as 1650 ± 700 pg/mL and in cats with cardiomyopathy as 939 ± 389 pg/mL and in cats with thromboembolism as 866 ± 367 pg/mL and they also stated that levels of vitamin B 12 in healthy cats are statistically and significantly higher than values of cats with cardiomyopathy and thromboembolism (P < 0.001).
Ruminants need cobalt for the synthesis of vitamin B 12 and vitamin B 12 is synthesized with adequate amount of cobalt.It is reported that remethylation of homocysteine was failed due to the deficiency of vitamin B 12 , and this situation caused hyperhomocystein [13].
In this study, serum vitamin B 12 levels of Simmental, Holstein and Montafon breeds were found as 192.36 ± 22.02, 253.50 ± 26.73 and 183.74 ± 22.22 pg/mL, respectively.This is similar to the data of researchers [17,31].In the statistical evaluation of serum homocysteine levels for three culture breed, there wasn't any difference (P > 0.05) (Table 4).
In this study, cobalt levels of Simmental, Holstein and Montafon breeds were obtained as 431.35 ± 22.65, 483.59 ± 31.19 and 458.26 ± 43.38 ppb, respectively.In the statistical evaluation of serum cobalt levels for three culture breed, difference wasn't detected (P > 0.05) (Table 4).
As a result, in this study clinical signs and hematological and biochemical parameters of age and breed of healthy culture breed cattle were found in accordance with the reference values stated for healthy cattle.It was concluded that serum homocysteine values obtained on the basis of breed and age of healthy cows should fulfill the necessity for diagnosis of heart and vascular diseases and in such kind of studies, it also may be a reference value for serum homocysteine levels of cows.
This study was supported by Head of Scientific Research Projects of Yüzüncü Yıl University as a project No. 2010-SBE-YL175.
Submit your next manuscript to Annex Publishers and benefit from: Submit your manuscript at http://www.annexpublishers.com/paper-submission.php→ Easy online submission process → Rapid peer review process → Open access: articles available free online → Online article availability soon after acceptance for Publication → Better discount on subsequent article submission → More accessibility of the articles to the readers/researchers within the field

Table 1 :
Clinical findings and age in the healthy culture breeds cows Serum AST, ALT, CK, LDH and CK-MB of healthy culture breed cows are given in Table2.

Table 2 :
Biochemical parameters in healthy culture breeds cows

Table 3 :
Hematological parameters in healthy cows