Articles Related to brain

In the last decade, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and various forms of Dementia) have become a challenging problem facing contemporary society, placing on it a strong economic, social, and healthcare burden. Despite huge and long-lasting efforts, the progress in solving these problems remains unsatisfactory

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Among patients with tuberculosis (TB), approximately 1 to 5 percent develop central nervous system (CNS) complications. A tuberculoma is a conglomerate granulomatous focus that develops from coalescing tubercles acquired during disseminated bacillaemia. Radiographically, tuberculomas are discrete, ring- enhancing lesions of the brain surrounded by perilesional edema and may present as single or multiple lesions. The diagnosis of tuberculoma should be suspected in patients with mass lesion of the brain and relevant epidemiologic factors. A definitive diagnosis of tuberculoma is established via needle biopsy of the CNS lesion for histopathology and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining and culture. In this case report, we present a 43-year-old woman with a past medical history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) managed with steroids and hydroxychloroquine, who attended to us with a two- month history of numbness and paresthesia of her left extremities and recurrent episodic jerks involving the same side. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large hemorrhagic mass (55 * 40 mm) in right temporo-parietal lobe surrounded by edema and mass effect with small nodule in left peri Rolandic cortex. Following clinical and laboratory clues, MR spectroscopy and brain biopsy, we started with corticosteroids and the following 4 anti-TB drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (HRZE). After 2 months, her symptoms completely resolved and a subsequent MRI scan revealed considerable shrinkage of the right-sided mass and left-sided lesion.

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Diffuse midline gliomas with the histone 3-lysine-27-methionine (H3K27M) mutation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent hemiparesis and headache in patients with midline brainstem lesions, even with the absence of contrast-enhancement. Early diagnosis is essential for prognostication and engagement in trials evaluating novel therapeutics such as ONC-201.

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We report 2 cases of severe injuries in patients with sleep disorders. The first patient sustained multiple orthopedic traumas as sequelae of REM sleep behavior disorders (RBD). The second patient sustained a severe TBI as a result of restless legs syndrome (RLS). To our knowledge, there are only 2 reported cases of severe orthopedic traumas (cervical spine fractures) as a result of RBD and no reported cases of severe TBI from RLS.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, physicians actively searched for adverse neurological complications or coagulopathyrelated strokes, but no protective effects were yet reported. We hereby describe our observations at a Geriatrics / Neurology facility on a range of neurological disorders encountered among COVID-19 patients followed for disabling neurological disease (degenerative or post traumatic dementia). We observed a very significant clinical improvement in 4 patients aged 43 to 78, who were in nursing skills home or at home and followed up for a disabling neurological disease for 2 to 5 years. They were affected by COVID-19 between March and October 2020.

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The victims of intimate partner violence are subjected to emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse. The physical abuse often includes episodes of mechanical asphyxia and its most frequent mechanisms: throttling and strangulation. Non-fatal asphyxia situations have signs, symptoms and short-term or long-term consequences whose severity varies according to the intensity, duration and number of episodes.

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Neurological impairments associated with Covid-19 have been the subject of numerous investigations since the end of 2019, when the SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared and showed a staggering rise worldwide. Neuroimaging in patients infected with Covid-19 revealed the apparition of severe brain pathologies, such as acute perfusion deficits and white matter abnormalities, meningeal enhancement, basal ganglia lesions, intracranial hemorrhage, encephalitis, cerebral venous thrombosis, encephalopathy, and stroke [1,2].

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Cognitive impairment post TBI is an important factor in rehabilitation outcomes. Pharmacological and therapeutic services do not directly address damage to the cortical infrastructure. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy is known to improve brain function and healing.

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Brain physiology critically depends on constant oxygen supply to the neurons to ensure various energy–dependent functions of the central nervous system. A volume of latest experimental data on oxygen metabolism obtained with high temporal and spatial resolution, with both invasive and non-invasive methods, and the use of technologies of various degrees of sophistication, strongly suggests arteriole involvement in brain oxygenation. This new approach challenges the traditional views on brain oxygenation according to which oxygen supply to the brain tissues occurs by diffusion at the capillary level.

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40-day male infant has admitted to the hospital by family. He has a complaint including lack of suction, vomiting, decreased of movements and continuous sleep about a week of ongoing. Brain computed tomography recognized a mass (with hyperdense hemorrhage) in the posterior fossa and right cerebellar hemisphere.

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Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia is a rare malformation characterized by a poorly defined junction between the diencephalon and the mesencephalon, associated with a characteristic butterfly-like contour of the midbrain on axial Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sections (butterfly sign). This condition may be variably associated with other brain malformations, including callosal abnormalities and supratentorial developmental hydrocephalus. We report one newborn with third-trimester fetal ultrasound (US) showing ventriculomegaly. After full-term delivery, the baby had microcephaly and generalized hypotonia, and MRI undertaken at age of 5 days, showed features of diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD). The hypothalamic-midbrain fusion and midbrain butterfly sign could have been seen on fetal MRI, thus allowing for the prenatal diagnosis of DMJD, with implications for the surgical management of hydrocephalus and parental counseling.

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Microalbuminuria reflects rapid changes in glomerular permeability and is associated with systemic capillary permeability.

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Brain water metabolism ensures the processes of cellular communication, the transit of the signaling molecules, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and substrates, participates in the clearance of pathogenic metabolites. Many neurological conditions that present serious clinical problems arise from the altered fluid flow (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, migraine, traumatic brain injury and stroke).

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Medical records of each occurrence of neurologic signs in 181 South American Camelids admitted on 185 occasions (90 alpacas and 95 llamas) were evaluated. Age ranged from 0 days to 20 years, but 70.5% of cases were ≥ 1 year old. Specific clinical diagnosis was achieved by cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF), radiographs, computed tomography, laboratory testing, or necropsy in 74% of cases. 54% of cases survived; 46% of cases died or were euthanized. The most common diagnosis (31%) was parasitic myelopathy/encephalopathy (PME). CSF eosinophilia ≥10% was found in 85% of parasitic spinal migrations but only in 55% of intracranial migrations, and 73% had increased protein in CSF. There was a seasonal bias for PME with 79% of cases occurring between October and March. Survival of PME cases was 77% for spinal migration but only 7% when intracranial migration occurred. The most common diagnoses, excluding PME, were infectious disease (15%) and trauma (12%). Most trauma cases involved the cervical spine of which 50% survived.

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Demyelination induced by cuprizone-is a widely used experimental model to analyze processes of re- and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we used C57BL/6 mice; a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mimicking important aspects of human multiple sclerosis, to evaluate effects of cuprizone-dependent demyelination on different parameters associated with autoimmune inflammation. The treatment of mice with cuprizone leads to a significant decrease of several indexes characterizing spontaneous and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)

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