Articles Related to Child

Undernutrition is a leading cause of disease susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality in children. It is manifested in the form of stunting and wasting. Wasting is an acute form of undernutrition that indicates a recent food shortage and/or infectious diseases that lead to rapid and severe weight loss. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of stunting and wasting among under-five-aged children of displaced families in the North Gondar Zone. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from January to March 2022 among the under-five-aged children of the displaced family. A total of 205 randomly selected under-five-aged children from the displaced families were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and the instrument was adopted from a previous study. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to determine the status of stunting and wasting. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to find the factors associated with stunting and wasting. The prevalence of stunting and wasting among under-five-aged children was 26.2% and 18.7%, respectively. Out of the risk factors considered in the present study, age (AOR = 3.54; 95% CI: 0.2–3.54), family monthly income (AOR = 3.6; 95% CI: 1.3–7.5), eating only two meals per day (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.0–6.2), and not eating farm animal products (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI: 0.5–1.61) were important risk factors associated with stunting. In the other way, age, family monthly income, and eating only two meals per day were significant predictors of wasting. The result showed that the prevalence is severe in the study area. Therefore, the government should work on children under two years of age, take action to solve the nutritional issues, and encourage families with low monthly incomes to eat animal products at least once a week and nutritious food at least three times a day

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is most common bacterial infection in childhood, and it may be the first symptom of congenital anomaly of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) in 30% of children. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important for the prevention of acute complications as well as renal scarring

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The problem of excess body weight is becoming an epidemic in the general population, especially among children aged to 12 years old. Efforts are being made to find a way to retreat the unfavorable changes related with obesity. This problem is escalating, and the direction of effective protective actions is not sufficiently recognized. The research presented in this study demonstrate the range of changes in overweight and obese children after an 8 weeks of circuit training program, with simultaneous parental education on modifying their children dietary habits

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Malnutrition is a major challenge in caring for critically ill children. Therefore we aimed to assess the nutritional status in critically ill pediatrics. Methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out on180 children admitted into Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Menoufia University Hospital. Clinical examination performed including anthropometric measurement, screening for malnutrition risk using Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) and determination of disease severity by Pediatric Risk of Mortality score (PRISM)

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Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that occurs in individuals with atopic dermatitis. It is characterized by the sudden appearance of vesicles and erosions with crusts over areas affected by eczema. EH can range from mild and self-limiting in healthy adults to life-threatening in children, infants, and immunocompromised patients. Early treatment with antiviral therapy is crucial in preventing complications and mortality. EH is primarily caused by a superinfection of HSV, usually HSV-1, in individuals with atopic dermatitis. Reactivation of HSV is more common than primary infection. Patients with atopic dermatitis are more susceptible to skin infections due to impaired skin barrier function and immune dysregulation. Disseminated cutaneous HSV infection can also occur in individuals with other forms of dermatitis, known as Kaposi varicelliform eruption (KVE)

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is considered as the most common pediatric malignancy with 80% of frequency in children between 1 and 10 years old. With the evolution of science, improved diagnosis and adapted treatment, all survival rates increased to a possibility of 80%. Philadelphia chromosome like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-Like ALL) is a recent genetic discovery characterized by a gene expression profile and high frequency of IKZF1 gene alteration similar to that of BCR-ABL1 positive ALL with a poor outcome.

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The study aimed to assess the attitudes toward dental and oral health of parents of children receiving anti-cancer treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was based on a convenience sample of parents of 50 pediatric patients who were receiving anti-cancer treatment (study group) and 62 parents of healthy children (control group). Questionnaires were distributed to assess awareness towards oral and dental care.

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Background and Purpose: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the multidrug-resistant pathogens, producing extendedspectrum beta-lactamase enzymes. Molecular typing of this pathogen can be useful for determining the source of dissemination and transfer of resistance and virulence genes of these isolates. Considering the significance of infection in children, in this study, we examined the stool flora of children (<10 years) to show the characteristics and clonal relationship of the isolates.

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Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening complication in hemophilia. It often occurs during childhood after minimal head trauma. It poses a problem of diagnostic and therapeutic management, especially in Africa where CFCs are not always available.

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Enteric fever is a common infection of tropical countries that can have a variety of neurological complications. Reported neurological complications are encephalopathy, eningism, spastic paralysis-cerebral origin, convulsions, meningitis, parkinsonian syndrome, sensory motor neuropathy, cerebellar involvement, and schizophrenic psychosis. The patient, who was diagnosed with enteric fever and started treatment, developed headache and blurred vision 5 days after the treatment. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis secondary to enteric fever and related pseudotumor cerebri were detected in the patient. When additional symptoms develop despite treatment in patients with enteric fever, complications such as thrombosis and pseudotumor cerebri should be considered.

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Introduction: Studies from several countries have shown that there is a lack of knowledge related to child protection among dentists and their teams. So far, there are no data available about the situation in Germany. Aim of this study is to describe the perception of the role of German dentists in terms of child abuse and neglect. Material and Methods: A questionnaire previously used by other studies regarding the role of dentists in child protection was adapted to German terminology and provided online. The internet address has been shown in different German dentists’ association journals addressing dentists only. The participation was voluntary. Results: A total of 251 (79.68%) dentists completed the questionnaire with valid data, 62.5% reported to have had a sus- picion of child abuse or neglect. Of these, 21,7% had reported their suspicion to the social services. Dentists specialized in pediatric dentistry reported their suspicion more often. Most frequently reported barriers towards contacting social services were uncertainty about diagnosis, fear of violence towards the child and the lack of knowledge in terms of referral procedures. Most of the participants expressed a need for further education. Conclusion: Dentists in Germany are not able to fill their role in child protection matters sufficiently and show a need for undergraduate and continuing postgraduate training.

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Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic hemoglobin disease for which there are many treatment options. Evidence supports the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of hydroxyurea (HU). Nevertheless, its use and adherence to treatment remain suboptimal, hence, the necessity to assess the factors influencing this observance. Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the factors influencing observance to HU in children with sickle cell disease from the Mother and Child Center of the Chantal Biya Foundation (MCC of the CBF). Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from January to June 2020. Children on HU for at least six months, and followed up at MCC of the CBF were included. Data collection was done using a pre-tested questionnaire. The level of compliance was assessed using the Morisky’s observance grid, where 8 points was considered as “good”; 6-7 points as “fair”, and <6 as “poor”. Data were stored in CSPro version 7.0 software, and subsequently analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 software. Results: Of 142 patients recruited, the level of patient observance was considered “good” in 2.1%, fair in 26.1% and poor in 71.8%. Logistic regression analyses suggested that using hydroxyurea to prevent complications was the only factor that favored good medical adherence [OR=0.37; CI (0.14-0.987)] (p=0.047). Poor compliance was mainly associated with the fear of infertility and and other sides effects associated with the use of HU. Conclusion: Children with SCD in this study have poor compliance with HU. Implementing IEC sessions would make it possible to raise patient/parent awareness and reverse this trend.

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Introduction: Mechanical disorganization of the bacterial biofilm is the cornerstone of the prevention of gingivitis and periodontitis periodontal diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periodontal health of schoolchildren in Widou, Ferlo. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of schoolchildren living in Widou in the centre of Ferlo. The survey was exhaustive and concerned the only school in the locality. The epidemiological data collected concerned oral hygiene practice, periodontal health and socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age and educational level. The degree of hygiene was assessed by the Silness and Loe plaque index (Plaque Index); inflammation and bleeding on probing were assessed by the Loe and Silness gingival index (Gingival Index). Results: In a total of 126 schoolchildren, boys and girls were equally represented and the average age was 10 years +/- 2.16.Sixty-nine percent (69%) of the children examined did not use a toothbrush. Of these, more than 47% reported brushing 3 times a day. The plaque index mean value was 1.23 and 99.2% of the population had a moderate plaque control. The average gingival index was 0.96 and 80.2% of the sample had moderate gingival inflammation. Conclusion: The study showed a relatively low rate of toothbrush use in contrast to the tooth stick and a relatively high rate of periodontal index. Communication-based approaches to behaviour change in children are needed to improve periodontal health.

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The latent tuberculosis infection worldwide is determined by about 1.7 billion people. Identification of latent tuberculosis infection and prevention of the development of the disease is one of the highest priority tasks in the global radical reduc- tion of the burden of tuberculosis. The research is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of cellular and humoral anti- gen-specific immunological methods for determining the initial signs of tuberculosis infection activity when examining children and adolescents with a latent form of this infection. Cellular immunological reactions in contrast to the determi- nation of specific antibodies of blood serum using the recombinant specific protein ESAT-6-CFP-10, were not sufficiently effective in differentiating active and latent infections. Determination of antibodies to the ESAT-6-CFP-10 protein with analysis of the specific activity criterion and determina- tion of an increased concentration of neopterin up to 9 nM/L in blood plasma samples made it possible to reveal signs of tuberculosis infection activity. These results have been confirmed by the results of chest computed tomography of children and adolescents with the determination tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes or small intrapulmonary (2-5 mm) intrapulmonary foci, including those with signs of calcification.

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Pediatric cancer overall survival has increased due to improvements in treatment. However, long-term adverse effects are a challenge for this population. Secondary myeloid neoplasm (MN) is one of the complications of solid tumor treatment. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN), therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML), and therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) are the most common events. The aim of this study was to report a large pediatric sample and the relevance of t-MN after pediatric solid tumor therapy. We conducted a retrospective study between 2000-2016 in a cohort of pediatric patients treated for solid tumors who developed a secondary MN by medical records review and analysis. Seven from 2178 pediatric patients who were previously treated for solid tumors, were diagnosed with t-MN in a reference cancer center in Brazil. The median age at primary tumor diagnosis was 12.8 years old. Osteosarcoma, atypical primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), Ewing sarcoma, and retinoblastoma were the most frequent solid tumors associated with t-MN. Three patients had a story of familiar cancer, and one patient with osteosarcoma had Li-Fraumeni syndrome confirmed. The median latency period to secondary MN was ten months and the prevalence rate was 0.32%. Two patients developed t-MDS and five, t-AML. All these patients received cytotoxic agents’ high doses that may have been associated with t-MN development. t-MN initial control, as well as unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities, may have contributed to the poor outcome. We described the rarity of t-MN related to previous solid tumor therapy in a large pediatric sample in a Brazilian Cancer Center and their poor prognosis.

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