Journal of Pharmaceutics & Drug Development

Kumara Swamy.Gandla has completed PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences as Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. He is currently working as an Professor & Dean (I/c) in Department of Pharmacy at Chaitanya (Deemed to be University) in India

Research: Pharmaceutical Analysis

H. Lin, Ph.D., has 12-year professional experience in research, education, management, administration, etc. at research universities, hospital, medical schools, and research institutions.He also had 2-year professional experience working at pharmaceutical industry, research consulting & service company, and academic publishing houses, where he successfully led and managed industry R&D teams and projects, trained and advised clients and colleagues, and contributed editorial advice and services to academic journals, publishing affairs, etc., respectively.

Research: Clinical, Translational, Pharmaceutical, Biomedical & Biochemical Sciences and Informatics

Sohrab Nikazar, PhD is a chemical engineer specializing in drug delivery, nanomaterials, catalysis, and reaction engineering. He earned his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Tehran, Iran (2019–2024). He also holds an MSc from Middle East Technical University, Turkey (2015–2018) and a BSc from Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran (2010–2014). His research focuses on developing innovative materials and processes for pharmaceutical and catalytic applications.

Research: delivery, nanomaterials, catalysis, and reaction engineering

Dr. Sima Shahabi is a Professor and Head of the Department of Dental Biomaterials at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. She earned her D.D.S. from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Ph.D. in Dental Materials from the University of Queensland, Australia. She also completed a Fellowship in Laser Dentistry at the University of Genoa, Italy. Her research focuses on dental biomaterials and laser applications in dentistry. Dr. Shahabi serves as Head of the Laser Research Centre of Dentistry and is a member of ISO-TC106 and the Iranian Dental Biomaterials Association. She is also an editorial board member of several international dental journals.

Research: Dental biomaterials and laser applications in dentistry

Dr. Saeid Yaripour (Pharm.D., Ph.D.) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He obtained his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2017. His teaching and research encompass various areas of pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmaceutical physicochemical and microbial control, pharmaceutical analysis, analytical chemistry, quality assurance, physical pharmacy, and biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. Dr. Yaripour’s primary research interests include pharmaceutical and bioanalysis, stability studies, stress testing, degradation kinetics, and analytical method development and validation. He also specializes in impurity profiling, miniaturized sample preparation and microextraction techniques (such as EME, HF-LPME, LPME, SPME, DLLME, dSPE, and ALLME), as well as the assessment of medicinal herbs for phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. Additionally, his expertise extends to the development and application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for pharmaceutical analysis.

Research: Pharmaceutical and bioanalysis, Stability studies, Stress testing, Degradation kinetics, and analytical method development and validation

Research: Dr Gaetano Giammona has been interested in the synthesis of biocompatible polymers to be used in biomedical field; such a study led to the preparation of a new plasma-substitute at protein-like structure. Besides, he has been interested in the synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation and interaction with biomembrane models of therapeutic polymeric systems able to give a prolonged and target drug release. Topics of his study have been: macromolecular prodrugs, polymeric micelles, hydrogels (obtained either for chemical crosslinking or gamma or ultraviolet radiations), micro and nanoparticles based on polymeric and solid-lipid structures, interpolyelectrolytic complexes to be used in gene therapy. Scaffolds for tissue engineering. Dr Gaetano Giammona presented his studies in many national and international meetings.

Donald Cairns obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in pharmacy from the University of Strathclyde in 1980 and after a pre-registration year spent in hospital pharmacy, he returned to Strathclyde to undertake a PhD on the synthesis and properties of benzylimidazolines. Following a year as a post-doctoral research fellow in the department of pharmacy at Sunderland Polytechnic (now the University of Sunderland), Dr Cairns moved to Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University) where he held a five-year lectureship in pharmacy. In 1992 Dr Cairns was appointed senior lecturer in medicinal chemistry in Sunderland School of Pharmacy and in 2003 moved to a post of Associate Head of the School of Pharmacy at The Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen. In 2006, he was promoted to Professor of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry at RGU and in 2012 was appointed Head of the School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences. Professor Cairns has served as external examiner at Strathclyde, Liverpool, Aberdeen, Belfast and Keele Schools of Pharmacy and has authored over 70 peer reviewed research papers.

Research: Professor Cairn's research interests include the design and synthesis of selective anticancer agents, the molecular modelling of drug / DNA interactions and the design of prodrugs for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. Donald Cairns is a member of the General Pharmaceutical Council, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, The Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists and in 2008 was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. In 2006 he was appointed to the British Pharmacopoeia Commission and serves as Vice Chair of an Expert Advisory Group on Medicinal Chemistry.

Research: Nanopharmaceuticals for local drug therapy: skin and vagina Bioadhesive drug delivery systems, especially hydrogels Liposomes as drug solubilizers Biodistribution of nanopharmaceuticals Nanodelivery systems for improved therapy of phytochemicals

Author of more than 250 publications on scientific journals and of several books and book chapters in the field of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology. Dr Cuomo’s research activity has been mainly addressed to the evaluation of neurobehavioural, neurochemical and electrophysiological changes produced in rats by the developmental exposure to psychotherapeutic agents, drugs of abuse, and environmental chemicals. More recently he has explored the effects of chemicals influencing the endocannabinoid system in animal models of psychiatric disorders. In particular, he has explored the role of endocannabinoids and related lipid signals in the modulation of cognitive functions, feeding behaviour, anxiety and mood tone. All these researches have been funded by WHO, EPA, Italian Ministry of Education, National Research Council, Italian Ministry of Health.

Research: Physiopathology of inflammation Cross-talk between inflammation and haemostasis Role of adenosine in inflammation Molecular mechanism controlling bronchial hyperreactivity Mechanisms involved in the control of vascular reactivity

Dr. Norma Rangel is a Professor Research at Technological Institute of Aguascalientes (ITA). She realized in 2007 the research of Polyurethane Porous/Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis and Characterization for the degree of PhD in Polymers Science (Mexico). Later, she carried out a postdoctoral study using computational modeling at ITA. To date, She has have published 11 articles in SCI-listed journals and 11 in other journals, 1 book and 6 chapters (Wiley, CRC-Press Taylor, Science Publishing), 37 memories of national and international congress. She has served as a reviewer for 8 SCI-listed journals. Finally, she is a leader of project of controlled release of antifungical with the participation of 14 countries.

Research: Her Research interests includes as follows: Controlled drug delivery systems. In particular, skin, diabetes mellitus, antifungical Design and preparation of oral solid (tablets and capsules) dosage forms. Analysis of drugs in pure forms, formulations and biological matrices. Bioadhesive drug delivery systems, especially hydrogels Polymers, biopolymers, IPNs

Research: David Ilki Min's main Research and Clinical Practice lies in the area of kidney or kidney/pancreas transplantation pharmacotherapy. David Ilki Min interested in achieving the optimal pharmacotherapy outcomes in these patient groups by pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic research.

Dr. Shi J. (Jesse) Liu have studied transmembrane ion transport in cultured adult ventricular myocytes for more than 10 years. With multi-disciplinary approaches, we continued on pathophysiological and pharmacological research of inflammatory cardiovascular disorders such as signal transduction pathways involved in proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac cells. Our work has focused primarily on mechanisms underlying cell survival and cell death associated with cardiocytoxity or declined cardiac function in chemotherapy for cancer patients and others. The overall goal is to develop new drugs that improve the survival of heart cells while eliminating cancer cells or in inflammatory conditions.

Research: Dr. Jesse's research interests have extended to the field of drug discovery from natural products and the associated therapeutic target of cellular mechanisms.

Research: Dr James David Adams interested in California medicinal plants and am learning from Cecilia Garcia (Chumash Healer) how to use these plants. Having recently discovered new pharmacologically interesting compounds in three different California plants, I am now in the process of further characterizing these compounds. Future work will involve testing these compounds in animal models and clinical trials to find out if they have important medicinal properties.

Research: - Development and Optimization of Novel Ciliotoxicity Prevention and Screening Methods - Investigation of New Strategies for Improving Nasal Drug Absorption via Epithelial Solute Transporters - Development of Nasal Drug Delivery Systems

Dr. Guo received his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Connecticut. Presently he is working as Associate Professor and Director of NMR facility at Centre for Drug Discovery in the NorthEastern University, USA. His expertise is in the area of drug discovery using biophysical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and computer modeling. He has been studying the interactions of drug molecules with membranes and the mechanism by which these molecules are transported across the blood brain barrier. Currently, his research focuses on the endocannabinoid system with the emphasis on developing novel molecular probes and potential therapeutics for treating pain, substance abuse and other disorders.

Research: • Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) as potential drug targets for modulating endocannabinoid levels in the brain • Structural determinants of cannabinoid receptors interacting with G-proteins • Mechanism of drug transport across cell membranes

Michael Namaka is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine at the University of Manitoba. In this capacity he functions as clinician/scientist specialized in multiple sclerosis & chronic neuropathic pain. This dual capacity has allowed Michael to bridge his neuroscience research to clinical practice. Currently, Michael has a clinical practice in the department of rehab medicine (Rehab Medicine Clinic) with Dr Karen Ethans as well as in the department of anesthesia (Pain Clinic) with Dr. Howard Intrater. Since his Faculty appointment, Michael has held several research grants and has published 31 manuscripts, 2 book chapters, 1 editorial letter, 42 abstracts, 12 non-peer-reviewed papers and has performed an excess of 100 invited presentations world-wide. Michael’s lifelong commitment to the profession of pharmacy is indicative by his previously help elected positions in the Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada (AFPC) where he functioned in the capacities of: councilor, research chair, president elect, president and past president. Furthermore, in 2006, Michael was officially recognized as the first MS Medical Clinical Assistant dually licensed with the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba. In this capacity Michael was one of the first pharmacists in the province of Manitoba to prescribe MS medications for the patients that he served. As a result of his new professional designation, Michael the recipient of the national commitment to care award which recognized his innovative clinical pharmacy practice in multiple sclerosis. Currently, Michael heads a cellular neuroscience research team of graduate and undergraduate summer students whose primary focus is on cytokine/neurotrophin interactions and their implications on remyelination and myelin repair. Michael also heads the gene research training institute for endMS (Manitoba/Ontario divisions) society where he serves as on senior faculty.

Research: Multiple sclerosis, neuroimmunology, dorsal root ganglia, neuropathic pain, inflammatory cytokines (TNFα), neurotrophins, BDNF, NGF, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), myelin repair, spinal cord, non-traumatic spinal cord injury, MeCP2, oligodendrocytes, central nervous system, myelin proteins, white matter.

Dr. Michael Zhuo Wang, Assistant Professor, received his B.S. degree from Peking University in Beijing, and Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from Duke University. Before joining KU, he became a Research Assistant Professor at the Eshelman School of Pharmacy, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and completed his postdoctoral research there as well.He is a member of the Consortium for Parasitic Drug Development (CPDD). He teaches Introduction to Clinical Chemistry for PharmD and Pharmaceutical Analysis for PhD.

Research: His research projects focus on elucidation of drug-drug interaction mechanisms, drug discovery and development for neglected diseases, and pharmaceutical analysis.

Dr. Shaukat Ali has worked in the Pharmaceutical industry for over 22 years including 12 years at BASF where he supports solubilization and instant & modified release platforms. He also worked as Adjunct Visiting Professor in the Department of College of Pharmacy at University of South Florida and as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at University of Bridgeport, USA. He received his PhD in chemistry from the City University of New York, and postdoctoral training from the University of Minnesota and Cornell University. He has published over 40 articles in scientific journals and is the inventor 14 US Patents. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of several pharmaceutical journals and serves as the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Research. He also serves in the USP expert committees for General Chapters - Physical Analysis and Quality Standards for Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing.

Research: His research interests are Controlled release Lipid based emulsifying systems (SEDDS) Liposome drug delivery Film development technology

Dr. Sunliang Cui is presently working as a Professor in College of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Zhejiang University, China. He completed his post doctorate from University of South Florida (2010-2012) and from Colorado State University (2008-2010). He completed his PhD from Zhejiang University (2003-2008). He published many articles in international journals. He had one patent under his name.

Research: His research interests are Medicinal Chemistry Drug Discovery Natural Product Synthesis Heterocycles Synthesis

Dr. Henry H. Y. Tong received his B.Pharm.(Hons) degree with a 1st Class Honors from the School of Pharmacy, Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1997. After internship, he practiced as a pharmacist in Tuen Mun Hospital, a regional acute hospital in Hong Kong. In 2000 - 2003, he pursued a higher degree in the School of Pharmacy, Chinese University of Hong Kong and graduated with a Ph.D. degree in Pharmaceutical Technology. He has served as an independent consultant pharmacist for several companies, including a cosmetic and nutraceutical chain store, with more than 500 retail outlets in Asia-Pacific region. Dr. Tong is currently the Programme Coordinator cum Professor in the School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute. He is also the Honorary Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, and the Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Apart from his teaching duties in pharmacy related subjects, he is actively conducting academic research in the areas of pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy practice. His research interests include preformulation studies, formulation development and drug information services. To date, he has published 28 articles in SCI-listed journals, 5 articles in Chinese core journals, 3 book chapters in scientific collections and 4 Chinese patents. He is a member of the editorial board of 3 academic journals, and has served as a reviewer for 8 SCI-listed journals.

Research: Solid-state pharmaceutics preformulation studies & formulation sciences

Jean-François Desaphy obtained his PhD in cell electrophysiology and pharmacology in 1996 from the University of Poitiers (France), studying the role of ion channels in testosterone production by Leydig cells. He moved to University of Bari (Italy) for a 5-year post-doc period (Telethon-Italy fellowships) regarding the role and pharmacology of ion channels in skeletal muscle diseases. In 2001, Dr. Desaphy was appointed as Ricercatore in the Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Bari. In 2006, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Pharmacology at University of Bari and is currently a member of the Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences. Prof. Desaphy was visiting scientist, in 1999 at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) for the pharmacological characterization of ion channel mutants responsible for inherited muscle disorders, and in 2008 at the CNRS-Mediterranean University (Marseille, France) for the study of ion channel pharmacology in pain. He participated to the MDS mission promoted by the Italian Space Agency, with periods spent at the Kennedy Space Center of NASA (Cape Canaveral, Florida) in 2010 and Graduate School of Medicine of Osaka University (Japan) in 2011. Prof. Desaphy is co-author of more than 50 peer-reviewed research papers, serves as reviewer for many journals in pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and physiology, as well as for national and regional funding organisms. In 2002, Prof. Desaphy was honoured by the National Prize for Preclinical Research from the Italian Society of Pharmacology and FarmIndustria.

Research: Prof. Desaphy’s research interests include the biophysics of ion channels and their role in genetic and acquired diseases (ion channelopathies), with special attention to medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacogenetics concerning ion channels. An other field of interest regards the mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy and possible pharmacological interventions.

Dr. Francisco Fernandez Campos is an associate lecturer at Pharmaceutical Technology Department of the University of Barcelona (Faculty of Pharmacy).

Research: Dr. Francisco Fernandez Campos's research interest are focus on topical drug delivery systems, mainly transdermal and trans-mucosal drug absorption. Developmnent of micro and nanoemulsions and semi-solid dosage forms. Drug analysis by means HPLC among other techniques.

Research: Dr Santamaria Rita's research interests have concerned the following fields: tRNA metabolism; cloning and sequencing of cDNA for human aldolase B and protein C; chromosomal mapping of Becker muscular dystrophy gene, protein C and aldolase isoenzymes genes. Other contributions have concerned the study of hereditary diseases, as hemophilia A and B and hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI). In particular, for the HFI many novel mutations disease-related have been identified and the relationship genotype/phenotype was studied. Current research field regards the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular iron homeostasis. In this context has been studied in different physio-pathological conditions, the expression and activity of main proteins involved in the metabolism of this metal, such as ferritin, transferrin receptor and Iron Regulatory Proteins (IRPs). In particular were studied: the effects of oxalomalic acid on IRPs activity and ferritin biosynthesis; the regulation of iron metabolism in neuronal cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxigenation; the effects of Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV-1) infection on iron homeostasis in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells; the iron metabolism in rat adipose tissue after ovariectomy and estrogen treatment; the iron metabolism in a bovine cell line exposed to dioxin; the iron metabolism during BHV-1 infection in the presence of TCDD in mammalian cells. Topics of research collaboration have been: neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol; effects of oxalomalic acid on iNOS; cytotoxic/cytoprotective effects of natural origin substances; effects of protein chemotactic for monocytes-3 on smooth muscle cells human coronary artery; protein translation in rat skeletal muscle cells.

Research: • Drug targeting to the colon. • Nano-drug delivery techniques, development and evaluation (polymeric nanoparticles- solid lipid nanoparticles – micellear systems – Nano-emulsions). • Controlled drug delivery systems. In particular, gastro-retentive (bioadhesive and floating) dosage forms. • Design and preparation of oral solid (tablets and capsules) dosage forms. • Evaluation of formulations for all USP quality control tests, stability (shelf and accelerated), pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in human and dogs. • Analysis of drugs in pure forms, formulations and biological matrices.

Dr. Emmanuel Ho is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Pharmacy in Canada. He earned his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto and was awarded a doctoral graduate scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). As a post-doctoral fellow at the British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Dr. Ho was awarded the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Post-Doctoral Fellowship along with the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Post-Doctoral Fellowship (MSFHR). His research interests include the development and characterization of novel medical devices, vaccines, nanomedicines, and biomaterials for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Dr. Ho's research program is funded by grants from CIHR, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Manitoba Health Research Council, and the Manitoba Medical Service Foundation.

Research: His research interests include the development and characterization of novel medical devices, vaccines, nanomedicines, and biomaterials for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Dr. Ho's research program is funded by grants from CIHR, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Manitoba Health Research Council, and the Manitoba Medical Service Foundation. 

Dr. Timucin Ugurlu is presently working as an Associate Professor in Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at Marmara University, Turkey. In 2008 he went to US for the second time to the same University, University of Utah as a “Visiting Scientist” for eight months with the grant from TUBİTAK. Same year he was rewarded with the award of “Best Ph.D thesis of the year of Mustafa Nevzat” in TURKEY. In 2001 after finishing his MS he went to US as a “Summer Student” with the grant from Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology of College of Pharmacy of University of Utah. He initiated his professional work in the academia as a “Research Assistant” at Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Marmara University in Istanbul in 1998. He got his MS and PH.D degrees from Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy at Marmara University of Istanbul.

Research: His research interest includes; Conventional solid dosage forms especially powders, granules, and tablets Modified release solid dosage forms especially colonic delivery of tablets containing peptides and proteins Physics of tablets, tableting technology, coated dosage forms, and micro particulate delivery systems.

Dr. Abdul Ahad did his post-graduation and Doctorate in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. Presently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arab. He has filled for two patents with Indian patent office. He has published various high quality research and review articles in several peer-reviewed journals of international repute. He has contributed for chapters in highly acclaimed book entitled as “Practice of Hospital, Clinical and Community Pharmacy”. India: Elsevier Health Sciences. He is on Editorial Board of several Pharmaceutical journals and reviewer of many peer-reviewed journals of high impact.

Research: His research interests includes Nanotechnology products for transdermal delivery Nano-vesicular formulations Controlled release formulations Drug delivery specifically for the management of hypertension and inflammation

Dr. Kazi Mohsin is an Assistant Professor at Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, KSA. Dr. Mohsin obtained his PhD in Pharmacy from Monash University and MBA from Victoria University, Australia. His research interests include development of lipid based systems for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs, conversion of liquid into solid dosage form, and Immediate and controlled release formulation design. In addition, his research also involved exploring the removal of pharmaceuticals & hormones from wastewater using nano materials. Dr. Mohsin is currently leading a research group named “Lipid Group” and supervising numerous PhD & M.Sc. students.

Research: Oral drug delivery and Factors affecting oral drug absorption (In vitro & In vivo studies) Immediate and controlled release formulation development for water insoluble drug Waste water treatment using TiO2 (analysis and removal of pharmaceuticals/hormones in waste water)

Research: Cardiovascular physiology, Liptin, Melatonin, Exercise, Diabetes Mellitus, G.I.T. motility, Heamostasis and factors affecting it and Angiotensin – II receptors with portal hypertension- Adiponectine variation with exercise.- Cytokines and CVS.

Ch. Niranjan Patra is from Berhampur, India and obtained his Bachelor of Pharmacy degree from College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, affiliated To Berhampur University, India in 2000. He has obtained his Masters in Pharmaceutics from Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur affiliated to Berhampur University, India in 2002. He was awarded the Ph.D in Faculty of Pharmcy from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Inida in 2009 under the esteemed guidance of revered Prof. M. Vimaladevi, CEO, AuroPharma, Pondichery. He was elected as a member of Fellow of Institution of chemists in 2012. He has served College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda as lecturer and Asst. Professor for 7 years. In 2009 he joined as Associate Professor in Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, Berhampur and subsequently after 3 years he was promoted as Professor in the same institute.

Research: Baljeaid research interests focus on the development and studying physicochemical characterization of novel drug delivery systems using polymeric materials. This includes exploring relationship of surface coverage versus biological fate in PEGylated nano-carriers for drug targeting. This encompasses delivery system for large molecules such as: genes and proteins in addition to more conventional drug molecules.