Advancing Scientific Research Through Open Access

Iron is an essential element for all organisms due to its unparalleled versatility as a Co-factor. It forms a major constituent of heme proteins, myoglobin, cytochromes, Iron-sulfur clusters and other proteins that utilize iron in functional groups [1].

Geomagnetic storms continue to be one of the most disruptive space weather phenomena of the Earth's ionosphere, with direct impacts on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, high-frequency communication, and satellite opera tions [1,6]. It is driven by solar wind magnetosphere interactions, can y disturb the ionosphere, altering electron den sity and degrading satellite-based communication and navigation systems [2]

Survival analysis is an important branch concerned with modelling the time until an event of interest occurs. ese event could be death, recovery from illness, disease progression, or equipment failure. Unlike conventional regression methods, survival analysis accommodates censored observation, making it one of the most widely applied statistical techniques in medicine, epi demiology, engineering, economics environmental sciences and public health ( erneau & Grambsch, 2000). Over the past ve decade, considerable advances have been in the development of survival models aimed at improving the estimation of hazard function and understanding the e ects of explanatory variables on survival outcomes.

Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses worldwide. The incidence of thyroid cancer has been rising steadily over the past few decades, largely due to improved diagnos tic imaging techniques such as high-resolution ultrasonography. Despite advancements in imaging and cytological evaluation, accurate risk stratification remains a clinical challenge, particularly in cases categorized as indeterminate thyroid nodules [2].

Dental X-rays play a crucial role in contemporary dental practice by facilitating precise diagnosis, treatment strategies, and fol low-up of oral health issues [1]. Visualizing tooth roots, bone structures, and nearby tissues is crucial for thorough oral health evaluations and X-rays assist in performing intricate procedures like root canals and dental implants. Moreover, dental X-rays serve as a crucial component in monitoring the progression of dental conditions and evaluating the success of treatments over time. Despite their clinical signi cance, patient anxiety surrounding dental X-rays remains a prevalent issue in dental practices worldwide.

The global leather industry is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the relentless advancement of digital technolo gies. From automated design and precision manufacturing to data-driven supply chain management and hyper-targeted mar keting, digitalization is reshaping competitive landscapes worldwide