Articles Related to differentiation

The BDNF/TrkB signaling is a robust regulatory feature of neuronal cells that promotes survival, differentiation, and proliferation in a variety of cell types and animal models for neurodegenerative diseases. The activation of TrkB by BDNF in clinical trials is accompanied by remarkable side effects and appears to be challenging due to BDNF's adverse molecular profile

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Penicillin and streptomycin are the most commonly used to prevent bacterial infection or contamination in cell culture. However, the role of Penicillin-streptomycin on inducing mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs) to differentiate into cardiomyocytes is unclear. To illustrate the mechanism of penicillin-streptomycin on inducing mESCs differentiation into cardiomyocytes, we firstly investigated mESCs differentiation into cardiomyocytes by the traditional method. The time- space expressions of cardiac-specific genes were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting at 8 different time-points over a period of 36 days. Furthermore, action potentials were measured by patch clamp for mESC-derived cardiomyocytes. Embryonic bodies through hanging drop method, were incubated with penicillin-streptomycin (P/S) at different concentrations (1×PBS, 1×, 2×, 5×), and then, the number of cardiomyocytes and expression levels of myocardial marker proteins were detected by flow cytometry, cellular immunofluorescence, and western blotting, respectively. We found that the SSEA-1 of mESC presented green fluorescence, and H.E. staining showed karyoplasmic ratio >>1. Besides, TNNI3, TNNT2, ACTN2 and MYL-2v were clearly visible by cellular immunofluorescence. Furthermore, the ACTN2 positive cells rate of 2× and 5× groups were remarkably higher than that in Cntl (1×PBS) group and 1× group (10 Units/mL penicillin; 10 μg/mL streptomycin), as well as the expressions of GATA4, MYL-2v, TNNI3, ACTN2

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Hair is physical evidence recovered from crime scene which is not destroyed by exposure to any environmental conditions like heat, moisture and not even by decomposition. The study of hair is called trichology. Hair is divided into three different layers i.e. cuticle, medulla, cortex. Total 20 hair sample were evaluated for different cutting patterns using different cutting tools.

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Endothelial heterogeneity reflects many functions performed by endothelial cells (ECs) in various tissues. However, the origin of this heterogeneity is unclear. Here, we report that tissue-specific ECs in lungs, brain, and liver co-expressed the lineage markers of their coordinating tissue-specific cells at very early stages. Specifically, we found that the pulmonary EC population was significantly suppressed after pulmonary epithelial-specific (Nkx2.1-Cre mediated) deletion of fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk1). Together, the results suggest that tissues-specific ECs may originate from the same progenitor cells as tissue-specific cells.

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Demyelination induced by cuprizone-is a widely used experimental model to analyze processes of re- and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we used C57BL/6 mice; a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mimicking important aspects of human multiple sclerosis, to evaluate effects of cuprizone-dependent demyelination on different parameters associated with autoimmune inflammation. The treatment of mice with cuprizone leads to a significant decrease of several indexes characterizing spontaneous and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by motor plaque dysfunction due to antibodies against post-synaptic membrane proteins. Myasthenic symptoms classically wax and wane and are more intense at the end of the day, although they may be constant in severe pictures. Almost every patient have eyelid ptosis and double vision, and the majority of them also have proximal muscle weakness. Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors are the first-line treatment, but patients who do not achieve symptom control should receive immunosuppressive therapy, whose options include azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, intravenous immunoglobulin and thymectomy, with different profiles of efficacy, safety and tolerability.

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Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III (CDA III) can be caused by mutation in KIF23. CDA III differs from CDA I and II in the sense that secondary hemochromatosis has not been reported. However, we have observed elevated serum ferritin in a CDA III family.

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The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is mainly known for being the precursor of the ß-amyloid peptide, which accumulates in plaques found in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Expression in different tissues and the degree of sequence identity among mammals indicate an essential and non-tissue specific physiological function.

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Gastric type adenocarcinoma with fundic gland differentiation (GA-FG) has been reported as a new, rare, chief cell differentiation composed carcinoma. Clinicopathologically, it exists on the gastric cardia/fundus, with low proliferative activity and low-grade malignancy. Until now, there has been no report of this GA-FG type cancer in the duodenum.

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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is a signal transduction pathway that functions in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological cellular events including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, metabolic disorders and diseases.

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